Iraqi journal of biotechnology

Beyond “Junk DNA”: Re-exploring Pseudo gene Annotation and Functional Analysis with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

2026-04-12T08:01:39+02:00

Pseudogenes, once regarded as nonfunctional genomic relics, are now recognized as important contributors to gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, transcriptional modulation, and disease-associated pathways. Traditional annotation pipelines—built primarily on heuristic mutation-based criteria and sequence similarity—frequently misclassify pseudogenes, overlooking subtle yet significant biological functions. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have enabled the integration of multi-omics datasets, allowing for deeper and more accurate functional inference of pseudogenes. Deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), transformers, and graph neural networks (GNNs) have demonstrated remarkable capability in modeling genomic sequences, identifying hidden open reading frames (ORFs), reconstructing regulatory networks, and predicting pseudogene-mediated effects on virulence and immunity. This review synthesizes the rapid developments in AI-driven pseudogene annotation, describes emerging multi-omics approaches, highlights the link between pseudogenes and virulence, and outlines future directions toward comprehensive, mechanistic pseudogene catalogs.

Study the Expression of IL-18 gene in a sample of Iraqi women with Breast Cancer

2026-04-12T08:01:40+02:00

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) stimulates an immune response against cancer cells, which has an anti-tumor effect. Aim. To determine the gene expression and serum level of the IL-18 in the blood of women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods. In this research, included of 100 blood samples, 70 from two groups of patients: 35 who were treated with chemotherapy and biology and 35 who were not, who were admitted to Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, as well as 30 of apparently healthy women as a third group. The age of the patient and control groups was matched. All samples were collected from September 2022 through August 2023. ELISA technique was used to measure the level of IL-18 in serum, and the qRT-PCR technique was used to estimate the gene expression of IL-18 after RNA extraction from whole blood. Results. It was observed that patient groups had significantly higher levels of IL-18 than the control group (p value = 0.001). The untreated group had a mean of 122.7223 ng/L, the treated group had a mean of 99.9609 ng/L, and the healthy control group had a mean of 93.4469 ng/L. The study found that breast cancer patients showed an overexpression in IL-18 expression compared to controls, with values of fold change 1.14 for the treated group, 1.67 for the untreated group, and 1.0 for the control. Conclusion. It was concluded both treated and untreated patients had higher levels of IL-18 sera and gene expression compared to the apparently healthy control group.

Keywords: IL-18, Breast Cancer, Gene Expression, RT-PCR, ELISA.

Association of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene expression with some serum parameters in a sample of patients with chronic kidney disease

2026-04-12T08:01:40+02:00

IL-18 is a cytokine, which is a type of protein that helps regulate the immune system and inflammatory responses in the body. a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has garnered attention for its potential role in the progression of CKD. Aim the aim of study to evaluated level of Interleukin-18(IL-18), urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphate compared with control and study correlation between them. In addition, estimation of Fold of Interleukin-18. Methods the research involved 100 individuals from Iraq, divided into two groups. The first group for CKD patients(n:50), The second group (n:50) serving as the control. Participants were recruited from the dialysis center at Madinat Al-Amamin Al-Kadhim in Teaching Hospital in Baghdad between October 2023 and February 2024. Results the Kidney function tests showed higher urea and creatinine levels in CKD patients (76.58±45.90, 5.07±5.11) compared to controls (26.04±5.12, 0.33±0.12). In CKD patients, mean ± SD of K, Cl, and PO4 rose (4.62±0.81, 106.90 ± 5.63, and 4.91 ± 1.14) at p-value <0.001. Na levels was similar between CKD patients (137.70±3.71) and controls (138.4±3.02) at p-value >0.05. Increased mean ± SD of Interleukin-18 Conc. (112.22 ± 100.96) at p-value <0.05. The calculated fold expression ratios for the gene were 1.48 in CKD patients and 1.00 in control. The expression of the IL-18 gene showed highly significant differences (p<0.001) in CKD patient group when compared to control group. Conclusion: IL-18 demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity. Because it is not dependent on several non-renal parameters.

The impact of Tumor markers (CEA and Resistin) and RETN gene polymorphism (rs10401670 T/C) in Iraqi BC patients

2026-04-12T08:01:41+02:00

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is one of the initial tumor biomarkers to be characterized and recognized. Resistins are 12-kDa cystine-rich polypeptide hormones proteins released via adipocytes and macrophages in mice and humans, respectively. The diagnostic role of these two markers has not been deeply investigated in published Iraqi literatures. Aim. Determination of Resistin and CEA concentration by ELISA and molecular analysis for RETN single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs rs10401670 T/C in BC patient Patients and methods: Methods. These study included100 BC patients who attended Al- Amal Hospital / Baghdad/Iraq, for the period from June 2023 to October 2023. The study's experimental work was performed in the Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for postgraduate studies / University of Baghdad, laboratories of Al- Amal Hospital, as well as the private medical laboratories. 100 apparently healthy women were matched in age with BC patients were included. Serum measurement of CEA and Resistin were done using ELISA. The molecular analysis for RETN single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs included rs10401670 T/C. Results: Serum levels (median (IQR)) of Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were higher significantly in BC group in comparisons with HCs, 104.05 pg/ml versus 26.85 pg/ml, respectively (p< 0.001). Serum levels (median (IQR)) of Resistin (RETN) were higher significantly in BC group in comparisons with HCs, 1.16 ng/ml versus 0.41 ng/ml, respectively (p< 0.001). The cutoff value of CEA was >35.71 (pg/ml) with an area under curve (AUC) of > 0.7 (0.762) indicating good accuracy level of 76.2 %; the sensitivity was 69.7 % and the specificity was 79.2 %. The cutoff value of RETN was >0.41 (ng/ml) with an area under curve (AUC) of > 0.7 (0.742) indicating good accuracy level of 74.2 %; the sensitivity was 89.9 % and the specificity was 51.5 %. Comparisons of RETN (rs10401670 T/C) genotypes and alleles between patients with BC and HCs revealed that TC and CC genotypes had significant association with BC (p< 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively); the ratio of TC and CC genotypes were higher in patients in comparisons with HCs, 53 versus 34 and 25 versus 10, respectively, therefore both of them acts as a risk factor with odds ratios of 3.97 (2.06 -7.64) and 6.36 (2.63 -15.40), respectively. Conclusion. Both serum CEA and RETN levels can provide adjuvant diagnostic role in BC and use of combination of both markers will increase their accuracy in this regard. RETN (rs10401670 T/C) has significant impact on risk of cancer.

Key words: CEA, Resistin, breast, cancer

Molecular detection of exoS and exoU genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its relation with antibiotic resistance.

2026-04-12T08:01:41+02:00

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most clinically important bacteria. It can cause serious infections because it has many virulence factors, which are the main reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The most important one is the type III secretion system (T3SS), which includes exoS and exoU toxins which play a main role in bacterial invasion. Aim. The aim of this study was to identify the exoS and exoU genes that encoded for exoS and exoU toxins found in P. aeruginosa isolates and express their relationship with antibiotic resistance. Methods. The study included forty strains of P.aeruginosa isolated from different clinical samples of burns,wounds, and sputum from patients in Baghdad hospitals. The isolates were identified by microbiological methods and the VITEK-2 system. ExoS gene, which have size (230 bp) and exoU gene which have a size (1572 bp) were determined in forty P. aeruginosa by conventional PCR technique. Results. the result showed prevalence of exoS gene were (70.5%), (100%), and (90%) in isolates from burns, wounds, and sputum, respectively. Meanwhile, the presence of the exoU gene was determined in (29.4%), (30.7%), and (10%) from burns, wounds, and sputum, respectively. The antibacterial susceptibility test for each isolate was performed toward (14) antibiotics; the result revealed the resistance were (100%) to Amoxicillin, Piperacillin, and Cefixime; (97.5%) Cefazolin; (97%) Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid; (92.5%)Tigeocyclin;(72.5%) Imipenem;(67.5%) Levofloxacin; (65%) Ceftazidime; (62%) Pepracillin\Tazobactam; (60%) Ciprofloxacin; (57.5%) Cefepime; (52.5%) Gentamicin and (40%) Amikacin. Conclusion. this study investigated that clinical isolates with high antibiotic resistance contained genes for toxin production (exoS and exoU), which means the greatest potential virulence factors of P.aeruginosa increase with the presence of exoS and exoU genes.

Detection of some biofilm genes in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus isolated from clinical samples

2026-04-12T08:01:41+02:00

The biofilm an organized community of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus is usually associated with the transition from an acute to a chronic infection, and it is one of the bacteria's potent virulence factors. Aims. This study aimed to identify P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and determine whether the clinical isolates could form biofilms and their association with the biofilm genes. Methods. 122 samples were obtained from several clinical sources, and isolates were identified using morphological and biochemical tests furthermore, PCR was applied to identify the housekeeping genes (rpsLfor P. aeruginosa and 16SrRNA for S. aureus). Results. The results verified the existence of P. aeruginosa in 36 (29.5%) and S. aureus in 25 (20.4%) of the total sample size. Using a microtiter plate assay, the isolated bacteria’s capacity to create biofilm was examined, the finding revealed that all isolates were biofilm producers with 55.5%, of P. aeruginosa and 64% S. aureus being strong biofilm producers, 30.5% and 32% were moderate producers of biofilms and 13.8% and 4% were weak producers of biofilms respectively. Additionally, a PCR assay was used to find out whether genes linked to biofilms were present (algD in P. aeruginosa and icaA in S. aureus). Conclusion. The results demonstrating that these genes were present in the isolates and were responsible for adhesion.

Keywords: P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, biofilm, algD, icaA, PCR

Pancreatic Protective role of resveratrol extracted from peanut skin under Toxic Influence of Alloxan in Mice

2026-04-12T08:01:41+02:00

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, many of the plant chemicals (phytochemicals) in the foods are antioxidants. These nutrients the decrease free radicals and may reduce the damage they would cause in the body. Aim: The objective of this study is to assess the activity of resveratrol derived from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in male albino mice given alloxan to create a diabetic model with pancreatic damage and elevated blood glucose. Methods: raw peanut pods were gathered from Iraqi markets, and then the Soxhlet equipment was used to prepare a 95% ethanol extract of resveratrol from peanut skin using reflux extraction. Numerous studies were carried out, such as biochemical assays and total phenolic content. By measuring blood glucose levels, the protective effects of resveratrol extract against Alloxan toxicity were assessed. Thirty mice were randomly assigned to five groups, each including six animals. Mice included in the experiment were given an alloxan injection on day one and were given resveratrol extracts at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for 42 days. Results: Treatment with resveratrol extract 50 mg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in serum glucose concentrations (126 mg/dl). The greatest effect was observed with resveratrol extract 100 mg/kg (111.67 mg/dl), which also showed a significant decrease when compared to the control group. Additionally, pancreatic tissue from animals given 150 mg/kg of Alloxan treatment exhibited histological deformation of the outline structure together with scattered necrotic endocrine cells. On the other hand, endocrine cell therapy with a 100 mg/kg resveratrol extract exhibited almost normal histological structure appearance. Conclusion: According to this study, resveratrol extract helped to decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic mice

Keywords: Alloxan, Pancreatic, resveratrol, Arachis hypogaea, Diabetic, Total phenol.

Assessment the role of sfa and afa Genes in the Antibiotics Resistance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

2026-04-12T08:01:41+02:00

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a prevalent bacterial infectious illness. Escherichia coli is the main cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains possess various distinct virulence characteristics that can exacerbate (UTIs). Aim. The aim of this study was to identify the sfa and afa genes found in UPEC isolates and evaluation the effect of both genes in biofilm formation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and relation with antibiotic resistance. Methods. Between October and December of 2023, 140 sample were collected. It was found that 21 isolates were UPEC detected by culturing, biochemical tests, and VITEK-2 system. Using the disk diffusion method, the susceptibility to fourteen different antibiotic types were examined; and ability of formation biofilm was tested. Results. The findings showed that the E. coli isolates were resistance to, imipenem (4.76%), amikacin (9.52%), gentamicin (33.3%), ciprofloxacin (76.19%), azithromycin (28.57%), tetracycline (80.95%), cefotaxime (90.48%), ceftriaxone (85.71%), co-trimoxazole (52.38%), amoxiclav (amoxicillin- clavulanic acid) (9.52%), aztreonam (33.3%), ampicillin (90.48%), chloramphenicol (9.52%), while all the isolates were sensitive to the nitrofurantoin. For biofilm formation of isolates the findings indicated that 1 (4.76%) isolate produced a weak biofilm, 13 (61.90%) isolates formed a moderate biofilm, and 7 (33.33%) isolates formed a strong biofilm. While the frequency of presence of biofilm formation genes was 17 (80.95%) for sfa and 3(14.28%) for afa. Conclusion. The results of present study concluded that the sfa and afa genes were had important role in the adhesion and biofilm formation of UPEC as well as in the antibiotic resistance of these isolates.

Evaluation of Iraqi patients with psoriatic diseases and their systemic impact on disease activity. 1Randa R. Ghamyes, 2 AbdulKareem A. Alkaza

2026-04-12T08:01:42+02:00

Background Psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are immune-mediated inflammatory disorders that may share immunological and genetic features. Due to their inflammatory nature, psoriatic diseases significantly affect kidney and liver health. Aim The study aimed to evaluate the kidney and liver characteristics of PsO and PsA patients. Methods This case-control study includes 137 patients (70 PsO and 67 PsA) and 120 healthy controls. WBCs were counted and ESR was measured using an auto-hematology analyzer (BC-700 Series, Mindray, China), while serum concentrations of ALT, AST, SCr, and BUN were tested using Cobas c311 analyzer (Roche, Germany). Results The present study findings displayed a significant difference in only two markers: ESR (22.6 ± 16.1 vs. 14.2 ± 11.6; p = 0.001) and SCr (2.74 ± 1.24 vs. 0.76 ± 0.22; p = 0.009) levels were significantly higher in PsA patients than in PsO patients. Results also showed a positive association between ESR and disease activity in psoriatic patients. Conclusion Creatinine levels were higher in PsA than in PsO patients, and ESR was elevated in both groups, influencing disease activity

The Role of Hemoglobin-Alpha2 and miR-4459 Gene Expression in the Progression of Major and Intermediate Beta Thalassaemia in Iraqi Patients

2026-04-12T08:01:42+02:00

Beta-thalassemia, a genetic hemoglobin production condition, has three clinical types: β-Thalassemia Major (βTM), β-Thalassemia Intermedia (βTI), and β-Thalassemia Minor. Aim. The study explores the impact of hemoglobin-alpha2 (HBA2) and miR-4459 gene expression on βTM and βTI illness severity, potentially influencing thalassemia diagnosis and treatment through novel diagnostic techniques. Methods. The research was conducted with care, dividing patients into three groups: 73 with βTM, 27 with βTI, and 50 healthy volunteers. Data was collected through patient interviews and clinical examinations at Al-Krama Teaching Hospital. The investigation focused on miR-4459 and HBA2 genes using qRT-PCR. Results. Research showed β-thalassemia major and intermedia patients had decreased HBA2 gene expression, particularly in βTM, and higher miR-4459 gene expression, indicating high confidence in the findings. Conclusion. The HBA2 and miR-4459 genes have the potential to act as biomarkers for the early detection of βTM and βTI.

Antibacterial Effect of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles of Ferric Chloride Against MDR-Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2026-04-12T08:01:42+02:00

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a serious challenge in healthcare due to limited effective treatments. Biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) have emerged as a promising alternative, showing potential antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria. Aim. This study synthesized and characterized biosynthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs). It also evaluated their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical samples. Methods. A total of 150 burn wound samples were collected between September and October 2023 from Medical City Hospital, Imam Ali Hospital, and Yarmouk Hospital. The samples were obtained for the isolation of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After isolation and laboratory identification, 70 samples were confirmed to be pathogenic P. aeruginosa only. Results. After performing conventional diagnostic procedures, including macroscopic and microscopic examinations, followed by standard biochemical tests, 70 isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa out of 120 clinical burn swab samples. Conclusion. Biosynthesized FeO-NPs showed strong activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18 mm at 1000 mg/mL). They may serve as eco-friendly alternatives to combat antibiotic resistance.

Rapid molecular diagnosis of streptococcus mutans causing dental caries using 16SrRNA and gtfB

2026-04-12T08:01:42+02:00

Dental caries, or “tooth decay,” is the most prevalent chronic infectious disease in the oral cavity. Among both younger and older generations, dental caries is the leading cause of tooth loss and root decay. One of the microorganisms that is frequently connected to dental caries is Streptococcus mutans. Aim. To isolate and identify S. mutans from dental caries, Methods. To achieve these goals, a total of one hundred specimens were obtained from patients clinically diagnosed by dental physicians with dental caries. All specimens were screened to detect the presence of S. mutans on different culture media using morphological and biochemical tests, specimens were further processed for molecular characterization method, bacterial DNA was isolated to be identified by polymerase chain reactions for specific primers pairs of 16S rRNA and gtfB genes. Results. The results of morphological and biochemical tests revealed that 34 isolates S. mutans isolates were isolated from a total of 100 dental caries samples with a percentage of 34% which confirmed by molecular diagnosis. Conclusion. This study demonstrates findings imply that PCR analysis, employing particular primers (gtfB;16SRNA), is appropriate for the straight forward, quick, and accurate identification of S. mutans.

Study The Role of miRNA-499 Gene Expression in Susceptibility of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Sample of Patients from Baghdad Government

2026-04-12T08:01:42+02:00

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that progressively deteriorates the joints.miRNA-499 is associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disease and may influence susceptibility of rheumatoid arthritis .MicroRNA-499 targets IL-17 and is a critical component in RA progression. Aim. To investigate the gene expression of miRNA-499 in the susceptibility of Iraqi patients with Rheumatoid arthritis. Methods. The study involved two groups: one hundred RA patients identified clinically and confirmed by rheumatologists and laboratory testing and fifty healthy individuals form the control group. This study was carried out at the Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. The time frame for this study has been extended from November 2023 to September 2024. Results. The expression level of miRNA-499 was found to be significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients than in the control group. The mean expression value in RA patients reached 6.276 ± 1.42, whereas the control individuals exhibited a mean expression level of 1.00 ± 0.00.This significant difference indicates a strong association between miRNA-499 expression and RA. Conclusion. The high gene expression levels of microRNA-499 could be Promising options for biomarker in diagnosis and treatment applications of RA.

Investigation of ALL Immunophenotyping and MEG 3 Gene Expression Related to the Risk of ALL in Sample of Iraqi Patients

2026-04-12T08:01:42+02:00

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a childhood malignancy caused by lymphoblast accumulation in the bone marrow. Long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), is gradually realized as a tumor suppressor in hematological malignancies. Aim. The study aimed to investigate the type of ALL (Immunophenotyping) and MEG3 gene expression related to the risk of ALL. Methods. At the Central Teaching Hospital of Pediatric in Baghdad, blood samples were collected from 50 patients comprised 25 boys and 25 girls, the most common age group was 6-10 years and 50 healthy children as control group. Immunophenotyping was done by flow cytometry (FCM), while MEG 3 gene expression was assessed by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results. The result of estimation WBCs count, Hb, platelet count for ALL patients was revealed that WBCs count, Hb, platelet count level (27.99 ±6.93 x 10⁹/ L,7.85 ±0.34 g/dl and 92.90 ±14.80 x 109/ L) respectively in patients compared with control (6.66 ±0.18 x 10⁹/L, 12.76 ±0.15 g/dl and 307.42 ±14.19 x 10⁹/ L) respectively at high significant difference (P≤0.01). The most prevalent subtype of ALL was B-ALL. The estimation of MEG3 gene expression showed significant lower in patient’ s group at the time of diagnosis with ALL in comparison with healthy control and patients’ group during treatment which consider the higher expression between other groups with high significant difference (P≤0.01). Conclusion. B-ALL is more common than T-ALL in children and gene expression of MEG3 gene is downregulate at the time of diagnosis then upregulate after chemotherapy within few days.

Expression of miRNA-122-5p as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility in Hepatitis B-Infected Iraqi Patients

2026-04-12T08:01:42+02:00

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death. For this reason, researchers must have a solid grasp of molecular biology. Abnormal miRNA expression has been associated with metastasis, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in several illnesses, including cancer. Research on miR-122 and other microRNAs has factualized on their potential roles in cancer. The leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide is the hepatitis B virus. Aim. This study aimed to evaluate expression of Circulating miR-122-5p in relation to the pathogenesis of HCC in hepatitis B Iraqi patients and as a promising diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Methods. A total of 120 samples were collected, 40 newly diagnosed patients with hepatocellular carcinoma representing group I, 40 patients chronic HBV representing group II who were admitted to hospital from the period among January 2023 to August 2023 and 40 apparently healthy individual’s volunteers representing group III. In order to measure the miR-122 method gene expression, 5 ml of blood were drawn from each subject using disposable syringes during venipuncture. By using RT-qPCR, the miRNA expression in eighty serum samples was examined. Results. Serum miR-122 levels were much higher in HCC and chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) patients compared to healthy controls (HCs). The mean ΔCt values were −8.27733 for the HCC group, −8.0715 for the CHB group, and −6.517 for the control group. Accordingly, the mean 2^-ΔCt values were 310.260 in HCC patients, 269.007 in CHB patients, and 91.582 in the control group. When the control group was used as a calibrator (fold change = 1.00), the relative fold expression of miR-122-5p increased to 3.4-fold in the HCC group and 2.9-fold in the CHB group. miR-122 expression was upregulated in individuals with HCC and when compared with healthy controls. Conclusions. The relative expression analysis revealed a increase in HCC patients and CHB patients, indicating a strong association between elevated miR-122 levels and HBV-related liver pathology.

Antibacterial activity of Punnica granatum methanolic pell extract on multi drug Resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

The increase problems that the world suffers from because they affect health in general, there is an increase in the resistance of most types of bacteria to antibiotics among them is the Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria, which poses a great danger to health because it has many virulence factors, especially its formation biofilms from this came this study to use alternatives to antibiotics in treating this bacterium. Aim. To compare the effects of antibiotics and nano-extracts of pomegranate peel extract on highly resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods. 50 sample were collected from hospitals in Baghdad, such as Ghazi Al-Hariri and Al-Karama Hospital, from patients suffering from burns and wounds, including 22 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, which were examined using biological tests. Bacteriological tests were conducted on them by culturing them on selective media and microscopic examination was conducted using Gram stain then biochemical tests were conducted and they were diagnosed with confirmation using PCR technology to confirm the presence of the diagnostic gene 16 SRNA, and all isolates contained the diagnostic gene. An antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted for 15 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. Results. The level of antibiotic resistance reached 95.45% for both tetracycline and ampicillin, while the low level of resistance reached 36.36% for the antibiotic’s chloramphenicol and meropenem then, a test was conducted on the efficacy of the plant extract against a variety of bacteria by etching in agar plates. It showed effectiveness for bacteria the zones of inhibition ranged from (12 to 36) mm. Conclusion. This research found that different concentrations of pomegranate peel extract are bacteriostatic for bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Evaluation of CDKAL1 and TCF7L2 Serum level in a Sample of Iraqi Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial disorder with a complex of signs and symptoms. Recent evidence suggests that CDKAL1 and TCF7L2 play important roles in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion, making them potential biomarkers for T2DM development. Aim. The current study aimed to investigate the association of CDKAL1 and TCF7L2 serum levels with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraqi patients. Methods. A case–control study was conducted on 200 participants, including 100 patients diagnosed with T2DM and 100 apparently healthy controls. Demographic and clinical parameters such as sex, age (classified into three groups), body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and HbA1c (%) were recorded. Serum levels of CDKAL1 and TCF7L2 were measured using the enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. Significant differences were observed between patients and controls regarding age, age groups, BMI, FBG, and HbA1c (p < 0.001), while no significant difference was found in sex distribution. The mean serum level of CDKAL1 was significantly higher in T2DM patients (3.07 ± 0.89) compared to controls (1.11 ± 0.18) (p < 0.001). Likewise, TCF7L2 serum levels were markedly elevated in patients (2278.0 ± 533.2) versus controls (832.4 ± 91.7), showing a highly significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Elevated serum levels of CDKAL1 and TCF7L2 are strongly associated with T2DM in Iraqi patients, suggesting their potential role as promising biomarkers in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Co-existence and Dominancy of Mutational Cluster in the Genomes of SARS-CoV-2 In Iraq: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, rapidly spread across the globe following its emergence in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits significant genetic diversity, which has contributed to the evolution of various variants, including the Omicron sublineages. Aim. This study aims to investigate the genetic landscape of SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated from different governorates in Iraq during the Omicron wave, utilizing next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods. A total number of 12 isolates collected and subjected to sequencing and bioinformatical analysis. Results. The results revealed the dominance of Omicron sublineages BA.1, BA.2, and their respective variants, along with 19 dominant genetic variations, including SNPs, deletions, and silent mutations. The current analysis highlights the persistence of different mutations in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Nucleocapsid, and Membrane proteins. Conclusion. These findings underline the genetic variability and evolutionary adaptations of SARS-CoV-2 in Iraq, emphasizing the need for ongoing investigation and larger-scale studies to further understand the impact of these mutations on viral pathogenicity and immune response.

IL-18 SNP (rs 1946518) and Vulnerability to HBV Infection

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

Despite development of vaccines and antiviral treatment, HBV continues to be significant health threaten globally and many risk factor associated with HBV chronic infection including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pro-inflammatory cytokine as IL -18 has pivotal role in many infectious and inflammatory disease. Genetic variations of IL-18 may be having an impact to HBV chronic infection. Aim. Our investigation aimed to understanding role of IL-18 SNP (rs 1946518) and vulnerability to HBV chronic infection. Methods. A total of ninety blood samples were included in this study; thirty sample were collected from individuals infected with HBV and CKD; those patients with mean age 48.8 ± 13.57 and thirty CKD patients without HBV infection. Thirty healthy individuals were selected randomly to represent the control group with mean age 36 ± 10.16 for comparison purpose. Genomic DNA for both groups was extracted. Results. Our findings revealed increased level serum IL-18 in HBV and HDP patients were the mean concentration 350.23±185.17 pg / ml as compared to control group with less mean concentration 176.53±50.33 pg / ml. Genotyping and allele frequencies of (rs 1946518) showed non-significant variation between patients and control were (P > 0.05). Moreover. individuals with CA and AA mutation are more likely to be infected with HBV in comparison with individuals with wild type AA and there was significant correlation between IL-18-607 C/A SNP and its concentration. Conclusion. CHBV patients and HDP patients have higher level of IL-18 in comparison with healthy individuals with less level. IL-18 -607 C/A had an impact on the level of this pro-inflammatory cytokine. Also, individuals with CA and AA mutation at high risk to HBV and CKD infection than those individuals with CC genotype.

Estimation of Serum Level and rs17855750 A/C Genetic Polymorphism of Interleukin-27 in Hashimoto Thyroiditis Patients

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and thyroid destruction, leading to hypothyroidism. Cytokines, particularly IL-27, are essential mediators that balance self-tolerance and the initiation of autoimmune responses. Aim. The objective of this study is to evaluate serum IL-27 levels in HT patients versus healthy controls and investigate the A/C polymorphism’s association with genetic susceptibility to HT. Methods. Serum IL-27 was measured using ELISA, and thyroid function (FT3, FT4, TSH) was assessed. Genetic analysis identified AA, AC, and CC genotypes for the rs17855750 polymorphism to compare frequencies between study groups. Results. IL-27 was significantly elevated in HT patients The AA genotype was significantly more frequent in the HT group Conclusion. Findings suggest IL-27 serves as a potential biomarker, and the AA genotype contributes to HT susceptibility.

Evaluation of The Biological Effect of synthesized Iron Oxide NPs against Acinetobacter baumannii

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant pathogen responsible for severe hospital-acquired infections. The increasing resistance to conventional antibiotics has directed attention toward green nanotechnology. Aim. This study aimed to biosynthesize iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles using pyocyanin pigment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and evaluate their antibacterial activity against A. baumannii. Methods. A. baumannii were identified using VITEK-2 and standard biochemical tests. Pyocyanin pigment was extracted for Fe₂O₃ nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, AFM, FTIR, and FE-SEM, while antibacterial activity was assessed by the agar well diffusion method. Results. UV–Vis analysis confirmed nanoparticle formation with characteristic absorption peaks. AFM and FE-SEM revealed nanoscale particles with an average size of approximately 35 nm and rod-shaped morphology. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of functional groups responsible for nanoparticle stabilization. Antibacterial assays demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against A. baumannii, with the highest inhibition zone observed at 50 µg/mL of iron oxide nanoparticles. Conclusion. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited notable antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii.

Enhancing the Stability and Efficiency of protease and lipase Immobilization in Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles coated with acacia gum

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

Immobilizing enzymes onto magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles provides a robust alternative to traditional methods, addressing challenges like high enzyme costs and environmental sensitivity. These three-dimensional matrices offer superior structural stability, extended storage longevity, and easy magnetic separation from reaction solutions. Aim. This study aims to characterize and utilize gum arabic-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the efficient immobilization of protease and lipase enzymes. Methods. Nanoparticles were characterized using FE-SEM, AFM, FTIR, and XRD, both before and after coating with gum arabic (0.05 mg/L). The coated nanoparticles were then activated with glutaraldehyde. Subsequently, 10 mL of enzyme solutions were added in a 2:1 ratio to 0.5 mg of the activated support matrices to facilitate immobilization. The effects of time intervals, enzyme weight, pH, and temperature on the process were systematically evaluated. Results. Advanced characterization successfully confirmed both the gum arabic encapsulation and the subsequent enzyme immobilization. The experimental immobilization efficiencies ranged broadly from 25% to 80%. Notably, the process resulted in exceptional activity recoveries, reaching up to 120% for protease and 130% for lipase. Furthermore, the data showed that enzyme weight, pH variations (4 to 8), and temperature ranges (30 to 50 °C) significantly influenced both the immobilization efficiency and the final recovery of enzyme activity. Conclusion. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles serve as highly effective support matrices for enzyme immobilization. This approach successfully enhances enzyme stability, activity, and reusability, offering a highly viable solution to critical challenges in biochemical applications

Association betweenIL39 and IL41 with Susceptibility of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

Cytokines are regulators of host responses to trauma, inflammation, immune responses, and infection. Aim. Study the association between IL39 and IL41 in female subjects diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Methods. One hundred women with SLE, with an average age of 30.93 ± 9.85 years, were included in this study. Along with 100 healthy control women (HCW) with an average age of 32.97 ± 9.13 years, they were sourced from Baghdad city (medical city, Baghdad Hospital/Iraq). Cytokine levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results. According to medication, Individuals with SLE were distributed into two groups: group one (24%) of patients who were newly diagnosed (do not take any medications) and group two (76%) of patients with an illness duration (of 6.23±0.58 years who took medication. The result showed ⅠⅬ-39 values manifested a significant increase in Individuals with SLE when compared to HCW (190.3± 66.24 vs.133.5±43.53 ng/L; р < 0.0001) ROC curve analysis demonstrated that IL-39 scored 0.830 AUC (95% СI = 0.7740 - 0.8860; р < 0.0001). where IL-41 values manifested a significant decline in Individuals with SLE when compared to HCW (7.35± 0.63 vs.10.30±1.03 pg/mL; р < 0.029. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that IL-41 scored 0.693 AUC (95% СI = 0.6207 - 0.7652; р < 0.0001). Conclusion. Sera IL-39 and IL-41 concentrations were not associated with illness prevalence or severity in the current research.

Molecular analysis of mecA and PVL Virulence Factors Genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates from Baghdad Hospitals .

2026-04-12T07:59:14+02:00

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a significant public health concern due to its role as a prevalent pathogen responsible for severe and potentially life-threatening infections. Aim: This study aims to assess the prevalence of the mecA and pvl genes among MRSA isolates obtained from multiple hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: A total of 110 clinical specimens were collected from patients aged between <1 and 80 years, encompassing various infection types, including burns, bloodstream infections, ear infections, nasal infections, urinary tract infections, and wounds. Identification of S. aureus was performed using biochemical methods and the VITEK 2 system. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was employed to detect key virulence genes, specifically mecA and pvl. Results: The genotypic investigation results revealed that an overall MRSA prevalence of 74%, with mecA and pvl genes present in 100% of the S. aureus isolates analyzed (20 isolates). These results underscore the significance of mecA in the molecular identification of S. aureus and highlight its role in distinguishing MRSA strains. Notably, the highest resistance rates were observed against benzylpenicillin, erythromycin, oxacillin, and clindamycin. Conclusion: The study concludes that a substantial percentage of S. aureus isolates in the cohort were derived from UI infections, followed by impetigo, wounds, and boils respectively. Furthermore, A higher percentage of MRSA isolates contain the mecA and pvl genes, indicating a concerning trend in resistance patterns within Baghdad hospitals.

Assessment the prevalence and activity of efflux pump encoded system (AcrAB-TolC) and biofilm formation in MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates

2026-04-12T08:01:43+02:00

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae represents a serious public health risk because of its capacity to resist multiple antibiotics. Many virulence factors contribute to this resistance. One of the significant virulence factors is the overexpression of efflux pumps, such as the AcrAB-TolC system. Aim: The study aims to detect the AcrAB-TolC triplet efflux pump genes, as well as to assess efflux pump activity and the production of biofilm in K. pneumoniae isolates after testing their antibiotic susceptibility. Methods: The study included patients of various ages who seek five hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq, from which 150 clinical samples were collected (Urine, blood, sputum, wounds, and burns). Only 50 isolates exhibited characteristics of K. pneumoniae were diagnosed by conventional methods Such as cultures and biochemical tests. Results: The study identified that 80% of K. pneumoniae isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), showing complete resistance to ampicillin (100%) and significant resistance to cefotaxime (76%) and ceftazidime (70%), while only 10% resistance was noted for chloramphenicol. The ethidium bromide (EtBr)-agar Cartwheel method confirmed that all isolates exhibited high efflux pump activity (100%). All isolates were biofilm producers to varying extents, as detected via the microtiter plate method. Molecular detection confirmed the presence of the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer unit and the efflux pump genes AcrAB-TolC in all ten selected isolates (100%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of efflux pump activity and the ubiquitous of efflux genes shows the significant role of these virulence factors for antibiotic resistance across MDR K. pneumoniae isolates

Exploring the Antioxidant Defense: Super Oxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase as Key Biomarkers in Juniperus Macrocarpa's Antiulcer Effect on Rats Model

2026-04-12T08:01:44+02:00

Juniperus macrocarpa is a native North American species of juniper which is known as Rocky Mountain juniper which showed diverse array of biological activities, encompassing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifertility, and hypoglycemic properties. Chemicals such as phenolic and volatile that associated with J. macrocarpa exhibit significant biological potential, Aim. The present study aimed to explore the anti-ulcerative properties of J. macrocarpa against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced peptic ulcers in albino rats, focusing on the histological changes and on the antioxidative enzymes Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) level. Methods. Forty-two healthy male albino rats were used in this study, aged 6-12 months and weighing 160-250g, divided into 7 groups and subjected to peptic ulcer induced using indomethacin. The groups were treated with omeprazole as a reference drug, pretreated with J. macrocarpa extract, or treated post-induction with varying doses of the extract over 14 days. Juniperus macrocarpa was extracted using a modified Soxhlet extraction method, with a mixture of 80% ethanol and 20% distilled water at a temperature of 50 °C for 8 hours and the total phenolic compounds amount determined in the aqueous extract by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent while aluminum chloride colorimetric method used to determine the total flavonoid content in the extract. Results. The results demonstrated the impact of Juniperus macrocarpa treatments on oxidative stress biomarkers. Specifically, the mean levels of SOD and GPX across different groups which lead to conclude that Juniperus macrocarpa significantly enhance the antioxidative defense mechanisms by improving SOD and GPX activity in treated subjects.

Keywords: Juniperus macrocarpa, peptic ulcer, NSAIDs, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD).

Molecular Detection of Canine Ehrlichiosis in Baghdad, Iraq

2026-04-12T08:01:44+02:00

Ehrlichiosis is a widespread disease transmitted from dog to dog by ticks and caused by specific rickettsial bacterial disease in dogs by three main species, including Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii. Aim: Molecular investigation of canine ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis, E. ewingii, and E. chaffeensis) in Baghdad province. Methods: The study was conducted in Baghdad, between October 2023 and March 2024 on 155 dogs. All samples were examined by nested PCR, and cases were positive when producing product fragment about 396 bp for each species in the second round of PCR of each Ehrlichia species. Results: The results revealed that the infection rate per dog was 7.74% as follows: 12 dogs had an overall infection rate, 12 dogs had E. canis infection, 7 dogs had E. chaffeensis infection, and 3 dogs had E. ewingii infection. The study documented instances of mixed infections caused by multiple Ehrlichia species among the 7 cases. However, this study showed no association between canine ehrlichiosis infection and age, as well as the sex of dogs while significant in huskies. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of E. canis revealed that the Iraqi isolates exhibited the highest homology with isolates from countries, such as Turkey, Japan, India, and China. The sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of E. chaffeensis were grouped within clades; the first clade was very similar to isolates from Mexico, South Korea, and Argentina, while the second clade clustered with isolates from China, Egypt, South Korea, and other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis for E. ewingii obtained in the present study revealed the high homogeneity of the Iraqi isolate to clade 1 of E. ewingii with Mexico, Grenada, and China, while clade 2 included another Iraqi isolate of E. ewingii with the isolates from India and the USA. Conclusion: The study concluded that this study detected the infection rate of Ehrlichia species in dogs in Baghdad, and concluded from phylogenetic trees that presented a significant multiple hosts of these pathogens, including dogs, cats, ticks and humans, indicated that had the zoonotic potential of Ehrlichia species. This study contributed in the study epidemiological factors, and genetic diversity of Ehrlichia species in dogs.

Tracking of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella aerogenes in Urinary Tract Infection Cases among Hemodialysis patients by Conventional and Advanced Molecular Methods

2026-04-12T08:01:44+02:00

Bacteria cause the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Accurate detection of the pathogens especially in hemodialysis patients is crucial for effective treatment. The development of a promising metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology that enables the detection of pathogens is gaining popularity in clinical diagnosis. Aims: This study aims to reanalyze samples where traditional culture and commercial system identified Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella aerogenes as the pathogens by mNGS and compare the results of the two methods. Methods: Midstream 10 ml urine samples were collected from 150 male and female patients under more than one year of hemodialysis therapy from private laboratory and two hospitals in Baghdad and urine analysis started within 2 hours of collection. Results: From 150 samples 71 (47.3%) patients were positive for UTI by microscopic examination form these 59 (83.1%) were positive for UTI by urine culture and 12 (16.9%) samples produced negative urine culture. From the positive urine culture using Viteck-2 system we found that the majority of pathogenic isolates 49 (80.3%) were Gram negative bacteria the rest 12 (19.7 %) were Gram positive. The percentage of presence of Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter aerogenes was 18 % and 6.55 % respectively. Four patients' samples detected with K. pneumoniae and K. aerogenes and three control samples tested using mNGS and the results revealed the dominance of K. variicola and K. granulomatis. Conclusion: This study showed that the majority of UTIs bacteria were gram negative, the limitations in sensitivity and accuracy of traditional detection methods compared to NGS and highlighted the importance of integrating advanced molecular techniques in diagnostic workflows.

Detection of Acrab, Tolc, Mdtk Genes and Biofilm Forming in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Different Cases

2026-04-12T08:01:44+02:00

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a clinically important opportunistic pathogen associated with a wide range of human infections. Its ability to develop multidrug resistance and form biofilms is largely mediated by efflux pump systems, which significantly limit the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the efflux pump genes acrAB, TolC, and mdtK and to evaluate their association with biofilm formation in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: A total of 130 clinical samples were collected and cultured on selective media, followed by identification using standard biochemical tests and confirmation by 16S rRNA gene detection. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using standard methods. Biofilm formation was evaluated phenotypically, and the presence of efflux pump genes (acrAB, TolC, mdtK) was determined by molecular techniques. Results: Out of 130 clinical samples, 50 (38.4%) were identified as K. pneumoniae, with the highest isolation rate from urine samples (50%), followed by sputum (28%), wounds (12%), blood (6%), and burns (4%). The isolates exhibited high resistance rates to multiple antibiotics, including trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (78%), ciprofloxacin (68%), tobramycin (66%), and imipenem (64%). All isolates demonstrated biofilm-forming ability, with 62% classified as strong, 26% as moderate, and 12% as weak biofilm producers. Molecular analysis revealed that acrAB and TolC genes were present in 100% of isolates, while mdtK was detected in 70%. Conclusion: The widespread presence of efflux pump genes and strong biofilm-forming capacity among K. pneumoniae isolates likely plays a crucial role in their multidrug resistance and reduced susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics.

Study the Relationship Between miR-let-7a gene Expression and IL-13 Levels in Children with Asthma in Baghdad Governorate

2026-04-12T08:01:44+02:00

Asthma is a globally significant non-communicable disease with major public health consequences for both children and adults, including high morbidity, and mortality in severe cases. Aims: This study aimed to explore how molecular changes in the miR-let-7a gene may affect children with asthma and to determine interleukin-13 (IL-13) levels and their relationship with asthma. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 140 subjects (52 females and 88 males) aged 1–10 years with allergic asthma. The patients were separated into three groups: the first group consisted of those <1 year old, the second group included those aged 1–5 years, and the third group included those >5 years old. Patients were admitted to the Central Children’s Hospital, Al-Kadhimiya Children’s Hospital, Al-Alawiya Children’s Hospital, and Al-Zahraa Center for Asthma and Allergy in Baghdad over the period from November 2023 to February 2024. Results: The study revealed that the second age group had the highest asthma prevalence at 51.25%, followed by the third age group at 38.75%, while the first group demonstrated the lowest percentage at 10.00%. The distribution of males and females among asthma patients was 65.00% and 35.00%, respectively, whereas among controls it was 58.33% and 41.67%, respectively. The results show significant differences in the expression levels of miR let-7a between the two groups. Specifically, patients exhibited significantly lower levels of Let-7a (0.14 ± 0.1094) compared to controls (1.25 ± 0.8710), with a p-value of 0.001. The IL-13 concentrations in patients were 63.72 ± 2.21, while the control group (60 individuals) had IL-13 concentrations of 50.12 ± 1.42. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate downregulation of the miR-let-7a gene, while high levels of interleukin-13 were observed in children who suffer from asthma.”