Iraqi journal of biotechnology

The role of Anti-TPO and IL-10 in progression of Autoimmune Thyroid disorders

2026-07-04T10:45:50+02:00

Background. Thyroid disorders are prevalent health issues that origin from impaired thyroid hormone production due to factors including inflammation, autoimmune conditions, tumors, or medical interventions. Aim. This study aimed to investigate the role of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (Anti-TPO) in the prediction and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD). Methods. In this research, One hundred patients with thyroid disease and fifty healthy controls were included. Thyroid function hormones (TSH, T3, and T4) were assessed using Cobas analyzer. Serum levels of IL-10 and Anti-TPO were measured using the ELISA technique. Results. The results of current study demonstrated significantly higher Anti-TPO levels in patients compared to controls (p<0.001), suggesting its efficiency may act as indicator for the prognosis of AITD. Although no significant difference in IL-10 levels was observed among groups (p˃0.05). Conclusion. Elevated Anti-TPO serves as a reliable prognostic biomarker for autoimmune thyroid conditions due to their strong association with disease pathophysiology, as confirmed by ROC analysis. Conversely, IL-10 levels lack diagnostic significance for these disorders, potentially because of complex interactions within the inflammatory signaling pathway. The study highlights that further research is warranted to elucidate the potential role of IL-10 in the pathophysiology of thyroid disorders, particularly in the context of chronic inflammation.

The relationship between the Serum Level and IL-4 Polymorphism (rs2243250) with Susceptibility to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

2026-07-04T10:50:17+02:00

Background. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by Leishmania protozoan parasites. Cytokines is a group of glycoproteins which play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms for both innate and adaptive in responding to infection and disease. Aim. The present study aimed to elucidate the association between Interleukine-4 (IL-4) serum levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of IL-4 (rs2243250) with the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) susceptibility. Methods. From Baquba Teaching Hospital which is located in Diyala Governorate/ Iraq, 200 samples of whole blood of patients and controls were collected from October 2022 to February 2023 which were utilized to measure the serum level of IL-4 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IL-4 SNP (rs2243250) utilized High Resolution Melting Technique. Results. The findings showed no significant differences between the serum levels IL-4 of CL in patients and control. Although, the serum levels of IL-4 were slightly elevated in patients when compared with controls. Also, the results showed no significant differences between patients and controls of female and male for all age groups with slight decrease was noticed in the serum levels IL-4 for patients’ female compare to the controls. Furthermore, there were significantly differences between patients and control by data of polymorphisms in the genotype models for CT, TT and CT+TT and allele T with (P < 0.001) and OR > 1. Whilst, the distribution serum levels of IL-4 by SNP (rs2243250) revealed no significant differences of the genotypes between the two groups. Conclusion. Tacking together, the SNP IL-4 (rs2243250) had the T allele (P=0.0001, OR=4.696) and the genotype TT (P= 0.0001, OR=9.857) in codominant genetic model which is consider as higher risk factor for the infection of CL than the other genotypes.

The Role of p53 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implications for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

2026-07-04T11:09:55+02:00

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health challenge, with chronic HBV infection accounting for a substantial proportion of cases, particularly in regions where HBV prevalence is high. Aim: This study aimed to assess the relationship between the levels of p53 and the risk of viral hepatitis B-related HCC. Methods: The study included 120 samples clustered into three groups. Patients with viral hepatitis B-derived liver cancer (40) and chronic viral hepatitis (40) and 40 healthy controls (HC). These samples were collected from the Medical City/Digestive System Hospital, and the time period was from January 2023 to June 2023. Serum samples were analyzed for ALT and AST levels, as well as p53 protein concentration using ELISA. Results: This shows Significant p53 expression levels higher in the HCC group (321.56 ± 76.71) compared to the HBV group (264.67 ± 60.21) and the control group (192.15 ± 77.64) with highly significantly of p. value (0.001), indicating the potential diagnostic relevance of p53 measurement in these patient groups. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant role of p53 in the progression of HCC linked to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The elevated p53 levels in HCC patients suggest its potential role as a valuable biomarker for HCC diagnosis and prognosis.

The detection of biofilm formation genes in some bacterial species of catheter associated co-infections

2026-07-04T12:01:44+02:00

Background. The biofilm formation in catheter urinary tract infections (CUTI) considered as main problem in health sector. Aim. The aim of this research was to develop a reliable and innovative procedure for the detection of multi-species biofilm in indoor patients, particularly in association with catheters and indwelling medical devices. Methods. A total of one hundred and thirty-one samples were collected from patients (urinary catheter) aged 40-70 years and ratio (1:4) male to female through period from October 2023 to March 2024, each sample was streaked on two media MacConkey and Mannitol salt agar. The 96 samples showed growth while other samples, 35, were negative. The 96 samples that showed growth were diverse between Gram positive bacteria (only six samples) and Gram-negative bacteria (ninety samples). ninety samples divided to three sections, the first included 68 samples containing single type of bacteria, second included 7 samples containing two types of bacteria (duplicate), while the last 15 samples contain three types of bacteria (triplicate). After being identified, triplicate samples tested for their ability to form biofilm. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify mrpA and fimH genes. Results. The results of this study revealed that the isolated triplicate was Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis). Biofilm results showed that (22/30) 73.33% isolates were biofilm producers. PCR results revealed that mrpA gene in K. pneumoniae 2/10 (20%) while fimH gene 9/10 (90%), the results of multiplex PCR in K. pneumoniae 2/10. In monoplex PCR P. mirabilis harbored mrpA only 8/10 (80%) while multiplex PCR revealed that none of the tested isolates harbored both genes. The last results of PCR of mrpA gene in E. coli 8/10 (80%) while fimH gene 5/10 (50%), the results of multiplex PCR in E. coli 3/10. Percentage of mrpA genes in (K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and E. coli) was 60% but percentage of fimH genes at (K. pneumoniae and E. coli) was 70%. The results of PCR in E. coli showed that isolates have more mrpA gene than fimH gene.

Diclofenac Sodium Inhibits the Gene Expression of the norB Efflux Pump in Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2026-07-04T12:16:08+02:00

Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant public health challenge because of its ability to resist multiple antibiotics, primarily through efflux pump mechanisms and the expression of resistance genes. Recent studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac sodium, may play a role in modulating bacterial resistance mechanisms.Aim. To investigate the impact of diclofenac sodium (Olfen) on the expression of the efflux pump gene norB in MRSA isolates and evaluate its potential for enhancing antibiotic efficacy.Methods. A total of 125 clinical samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus via phenotypic and molecular identification methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed via the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined via the resazurin-based microplate dilution assay. The expression of efflux pump genes was quantified before and after diclofenac sodium treatment via quantitative real-time PCR (RT‒qPCR) and normalized to that of the housekeeping gene 16SrRNA.Results. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the norB gene in 77% of the MRSA isolates. RT‒qPCR analysis demonstrated significant downregulation of norB expression following diclofenac sodium treatment. These findings suggest that diclofenac sodium may interfere with efflux pump activity, potentially restoring bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.Conclusion. These findings indicate that diclofenac sodium can modulate efflux pump gene expression in MRSA, reducing bacterial resistance mechanisms. This study highlights the potential of NSAIDs as adjunctive agents for combating antibiotic-resistant infections.

Photosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles using Aas (Myrtus communis L.) Leaves Extract

2026-07-04T12:20:56+02:00

Background: Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and broad biomedical applications. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for nanoparticle production. Aim: This study aimed to biosynthesize selenium nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Aas (Myrtus communis L.) and characterize the synthesized nanoparticles using various analytical techniques. Methods: Photosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (MC-SeNPs) were prepared using Myrtus communis leaf extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results: The formation of MC-SeNPs was confirmed by the color change of the reaction mixture from colorless to reddish. UV-Vis analysis showed a characteristic absorption peak at 260 nm, indicating the surface plasmon resonance of SeNPs. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups involved in nanoparticle synthesis and stabilization. XRD analysis revealed diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 28.61°, 31.19°, 40.01°, 45.02°, 56.21°, 66.23°, 75.11°, and 84.74°, corresponding to the crystalline selenium phase. FE-SEM images demonstrated predominantly spherical nanoparticles aggregated into clusters, with particle sizes ranging from 21.86 to 31.94 nm. The crystallite size calculated using the Debye–Scherrer equation ranged between 21 and 31 nm. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of selenium along with oxygen, carbon, sodium, and copper. AFM analysis revealed homogeneous spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 20 to 30 nm. Conclusion: The leaf extract of Myrtus communis can be successfully utilized for the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. The phytochemical constituents of the extract act as reducing and capping agents, producing stable, crystalline, and predominantly spherical selenium nanoparticles suitable for potential future applications

Effect of coumarin and some derivatives on glycosyltransferase that purified from Streptococcus mutans

2026-07-04T12:30:23+02:00

Background: Dental caries, a persistent infectious disease, caused by Streptococcus mutans, was settled on the exterior part of dentil further outcome that vandalize robust teeth. Glycosyltransferase enzyme produced by S. mutans that fermentable sucrose and fructose present in dental caries. Aims: This study estimates effects of coumarins and their derivatives on purified Glycosyltransferase. Methods: S. mutans were cultured in an aerobically for 48 hours on mitis salivaris bacitracin-agar medium to produce glycosyltransferase, which was purified by Debois method, and different concentration of synthetic coumarin was applied on the enzyme. Results: The results clarified the 7-ethyl-4-methyl coumarin at the concentration of 400 µg /ml decreased the enzyme activity from (104.32 U/ml to 19.619 U/ml) compared with other inhibitors. Conclusion: the enzyme activity affected by coumarin with different concentrations but to extend effects of coumarin on the enzyme activity, add the substitute on different sites of the strong heterocyclic parts.

Assessment of Water Bacterial Contamination and Physical Quality of General Estuary River in Iraq.

2026-07-04T12:41:41+02:00

Background: Water quality is an important indicator of environmental and public health. Bacterial contamination and changes in physical properties of river water can negatively affect water’s suitability for domestic and agricultural uses. Aim. To assess bacterial contamination and physical quality of the General Estuary River in Iraq during the period 2023–2024. Methods. Water samples were collected from three locations representing different cities along the General Estuary River during 2023–2024. Three 100 mL water samples were collected biweekly from each location. The samples were transported in a cool box to the laboratory for bacteriological and physical analyses. Total bacterial count, total coliform count, pH, and turbidity were determined. Results. The results showed that both total bacterial count and total coliform count increased progressively along the river course, with the highest values recorded in Basra city. Similarly, pH and turbidity values increased downstream after Baghdad, and the highest levels were observed in Basra. These findings indicate a deterioration in water quality as the river flows through successive urban areas. Conclusion. The General Estuary River exhibited increasing bacterial contamination and deterioration in physical water quality along its course, with Basra recording the highest levels. Continuous monitoring and effective pollution control measures are recommended to preserve water quality and reduce potential health risks.

Gene expression of CEBPA in Iraqi patients with acute myeloid leukemia

2026-07-04T12:45:50+02:00

Background. One of the most common genetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is mutations in the CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) gene. This gene codes for crucial transcription factors for differentiation and controlling the proliferation of myeloid precursors. Aim. To analyze the relative mRNA expression of CEBPA in AML patients and its correlation with clinical, morphological, cytogenetic, and gene mutation parameters among Iraqi patients for the first time. Methods. Utilizing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the expression of the CEBPA gene was examined in the peripheral blood of 120 patients and 40 controls. The AML patients were characterized in terms of age, sex, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) and Nucleophosmin1 (NPM1) mutations, the French American British classification (FAB), and the World Health Organization (WHO). Results. The findings revealed that the expression levels of CEBPA were lower in patients compared to healthy controls, indicating gene downregulation. The expression was lower in females than males (p = 0.025) and decreased across disease stages. In addition, the FAB M1 type and WHO RUNX1T1/RUNX1 had the lowest CEBPA mRNA expression among the other types. The mutations of FLT3-ITD and NPM1 significantly affected CEBPA expression, with FLT3-ITD having the most pronounced effect (p = 0.029). Conclusion. The mRNA expression of the CEBPA gene was downregulated in patients with AML, especially in females and those with the FAB M1 type and the WHO RUNX1T1/RUNX1. Additionally, both FLT3 and NPM1 genes significantly influenced CEBPA expression.

Interleukin-4 Gene Expression and Serum Levels as Biomarkers of Allergic Asthma in Iraqi Patients

2026-07-04T12:50:56+02:00

Background. Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway in which exposure to allergens leads to a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, while many cytokines are involved in the immune mechanism of the disease including cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-4 plays a critical role in the inflammatory process. Aim. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gene expression and serum levels of IL-4 with Iraqi allergic asthmatic patients. Methods. A total of 100 patients and 50 healthy controls participated in reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used for gene expressions and IL-4 serum levels determined through ELISA. Results. The Results demonstrated a significant increase in IL-4 gene expression in asthma patients compared to control, (Average fold change of 6.885). Similarly, serum IL-4 concentrations were significantly elevated in patients (mean fold change of 383.6516), correlating moderately with gene expression changes (ρ = 0.678). Conclusion. The study underscores the importance of IL-4 in allergic asthma and suggests that IL-4 expression and serum levels could aid in monitoring asthma activity.

Comparison study between gallic acid and curcumin extracts on the efflux pump inhibition of clinically isolated staphylococcus aureus

2026-07-04T12:54:47+02:00

Background. The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has forced the development of novel techniques to improve antibiotic potency. Bacterial efflux pumps are essential in this resistance as they actively expel detrimental antimicrobial substances from the cell. Aim. This study aimed to examine the inhibitory effects of two plant extracts, gallic acid and curcumin, on the efflux pump activity of clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus. Methods. The efficacy of different concentrations (100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/ml) of gallic acid and curcumin extracts was assessed. Cartwheel assays were conducted to evaluate efflux activity before and after treatment, and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was utilized to confirm the genetic impact of these extracts on the norA gene encoding the efflux pumps. Results. The findings indicated substantial decreases in resistance levels and significant inhibition of efflux pump activity, with 400 mg/ml identified as the lowest effective concentration. While curcumin demonstrated a more potent zone of inhibition in growth assays, real-time PCR results revealed that gallic acid was significantly more effective than curcumin in downregulating and inhibiting the expression of the norA gene across the tested concentrations (fold change of 0.60 vs 0.66, respectively). Conclusion. Both gallic acid and curcumin possess significant potential as plant-derived efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). However, gallic acid demonstrates superior efficacy in downregulating norA gene expression, underscoring its potential as a more effective agent in modifying gene-mediated resistance in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Phenotypic, Biofilm and Molecular Detection of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolated from locally produced Soft Cheese in Diyala Province

2026-07-04T12:57:49+02:00

Background: one of the most prominent foodborne pathogens that are destructive to dairy animals, and the dairy industry sector is Staphylococcus aureus. The isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from cheese samples are considered an important way to explore the information about the prevalence of this bacterium from the locally produced cheese. Aim. This study aimed to Assess hygienic status of locally produced soft cheese samples, A 100 locally produced cheese samples have been gathered at various regions at Diyala state. Methods. The detection of MRSA had been established based on traditional appearance in addition to biochemical properties, biofilm formation, polymerase chain reaction technique was used to diagnose MRSA and to detect the gene which is responsible for resistant antibiotic (Mec A gene). Results. The laboratory analysis of the isolate culture across duration of study discovered that there was not significantly difference (P<0.05) in the proportion of MRSA isolated from cheese (9%) but it clinically important. quantitative method of Microtiter plate method (MtP) was used to assess isolates biofilm development. Results of study showed all MRSA isolate (100%) were biofilm producers (8 of them were strong, only 1 was moderate). The PCR study found that all nine isolates (100%) of Staphylococcus. Aureus obtained from 100 specimens taken had products in a molecular weight of about 1250 base pairs, which correlates to the 16SrRNA genes. A total of nine isolates (100%) of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates displayed products with an average molecular weight of about 310 base pairs, thus being indicative of an existence of the mecA gene. Conclusion: The relatively unhygienic practices and poor sanitation techniques used by farmers in the rural areas were reflected on the bacterial populations in cheese samples, also all these isolates had biofilm and possess Mec A gene which detected in PCR assay.

Effect of Statin on MiR122-5p Gene Expression and Some Biochemical Markers in Iraqi Cardiovascular Disease Patients

2026-07-04T13:01:14+02:00

Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the category of diseases that impact the heart and arteries. Statins are commonly administered to people who are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease. MiR122 has been identified as a key mediator of cholesterol balance. Aim. To evaluate the effects of miR122-5p expression on statin response in Iraqi patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods. The study included 100 CVD patients, male and female, taking statins and ranging in age from 45 to 72 years. The patients divided into two groups, non-response group (50 patients) and the response group (50 patients), that are used as control group. Blood samples were taken and the total RNA was extracted from plasma samples by TRIzolTM Reagent extraction method for real-time PCR analysis to determine the gene expression of the miR122-5p. Biochemical markers Low-density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Triglyceride and Glucose (LDL, HDL, TG, Glucose) were also assessed. Results. Age and family history both had substantial results (P=0.028 and P=0.011, separately). Low-density lipoprotein levels were elevated in statin-non-responsive patients and were substantial (P=0.0001). The glucose, TG and HDL were no an important variance. The gene expression of miR122-5p was significant variance between response group and non-response group (P=0.0001). Association between miR122-5p and LDL in station non-response CVD patients was observed (0.0001), with positive correlation (r-value 0.84), HDL was significant correlation (0.0002) and positively correlated (r-value 0.50). Triglyceride and glucose were no significant correlation (0.029, 0.112 individually). Conclusion. The results of this study suggest that the non-responsive group with CVD may have a different statin response due to upregulated of miR122-5p, which may impact cholesterol levels.

IVF outcome under the effect of mucin -1 gene expression and some related microRNAs

2026-07-04T13:07:08+02:00

Background: Embryo implantation is a complex procedure, including interactions between the blastocyst (an early stage of embryo development) and the uterus's luminal epithelium (the inner lining) during its receptive phase. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a glycoprotein that is an essential part of the cell membrane. It is mainly found on the outer surface of secretory epithelial cells and the glandular epithelium in various organs such as the uterus. The absence of MUC1 on the surface of uterine epithelial cells is considered essential for the successful attachment of an embryo. The endogenous miRNAs, non-protein coding, have a length of 21-24 nucleotides. Research has demonstrated that miRNAs play a role in several biological processes by controlling gene expression after transcription. Aim: To determine the gene expression to evaluate the correlation between mucin1 and certain microRNAs, including miR146a-5p, miR146a-3p, and miR485-5p, in embryo implantation. So, examine the influence of different types of microRNAs on the expression of the mucin-1 gene in infertile Iraqi females undergoing an in vitro fertilization program. Methods: This study involved 26 instances of successful implantations and 58 instances of unsuccessful implantations within an in vitro fertilization program. A total of 44 fertile females were selected as controls and categorized into two subgroups: 21 cases with successful implantations and 23 cases with unsuccessful implantations. Results: The observed findings indicate an increase in the expression of both the miR146a-5p and miR485-5P genes, with a decrease in the expression of miR146a-3p. These changes in gene expression may have a role in controlling embryo implantation in infertile females undergoing IVF programs by regulating the expression of the mucin1 gene. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicate that the expression of the MUC1 gene is directly regulated by miR146a-5p and miR485-5p. There is a significant positive association depending on the correlation between mucin1 and miR485-5P and a significant negative correlation between mucin1 and miR146a-5p and miR146a-3p. Implantation success in infertile females is related to the usual amount of mucin-1 expression. Implantation failure in infertile females undergoing IVF is linked to a significant increase in mucin-1 expression.

Effects of Melatonin and Vaginal Sponges Plus eCG on Reproductive Performance in Iraqi Goat

2026-07-04T13:11:49+02:00

Background: Reproductive management in goats is essential for optimizing productivity and enhancing breeding efficiency, especially in regions with high demand for livestock products. Hormonal treatments, such as subcutaneous melatonin implants and intra-vaginal sponges combined with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), have been widely studied for their potential to improve estrus synchronization and fertility outcomes in small ruminants. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments on the reproductive performance of Iraqi goats. Methods: The experiment involved 21 goats, aged 8–10 months, and three fertile bucks. The goats were randomly allocated into three groups. Group 1 received melatonin implants subcutaneously for 30 days, Group 2 was treated with intra-vaginal sponges for 12 days followed by an eCG injection at sponge removal, and Group 3 served as the untreated control. Results: The results indicated that G2 exhibited a significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) estrus response and estrus duration compared to G1 and G3. Moreover, G2 recorded the longest (P < 0.01) estrous phase, while G1 showed intermediate values, and G3 had the shortest. Conception rates were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in G2 compared to the other groups. Male offspring were more prevalent (P ≤ 0.05) than female offspring across all groups, with no significant differences observed in viability rates or the nature of parturition. In terms of hormonal analysis, no significant differences were detected in serum progesterone concentrations at Day 0. However, during the estrus and luteal phases, G3 exhibited higher progesterone levels compared to G1 and G2. Serum IGF-1 levels were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in G2 during the estrus phase compared to G3, with no significant differences observed during the luteal phase. Conclusion: In conclusion, intra-vaginal sponges combined with eCG are highly effective for improving estrus induction, pregnancy rates, and reproductive performance in Iraqi goats, providing a practical and cost-effective solution for livestock breeders

The Expression and Genetic Polymorphisms of IL-6 Gene Association with Hodgkin Lymphoma in A Sample of Iraqi Population

2026-07-04T13:47:04+02:00

Background Lymphomas are broad tumors originating in the lymphatic system, causing lymph node enlargement. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of blood cancers distinct from non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene is associated with various malignancies and can influence tumor growth and immune responses. Aim this paper aims to study the role of IL-6 gene expression and polymorphisms in association with the increased incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma and the possibility of using this interleukin as a tool in diagnosis and treatment follow-up in patients with HL. Methods the study included 100 participants (50 HL patients and 50 controls), which collected from December 2023 to March 2024. Sex, age, family history, Complete Blood Count, and some kidney function tests were assessed for both studied groups. This study emphasizes the role of IL-6 gene expression and polymorphisms, particularly the SNPs rs1800795 G/C, rs1800796 G/C, and rs1800797 G/A with HL incidence in the Iraqi population. Results showed varying differences between significant for family history smoking, hemoglobin, platelet, urea and creatinine and non-significant for other studied demographic and clinical data between HL patients and healthy controls. Moreover, the median fold change of IL-6 gene expression (2^-ΔΔCt) revealed up-regulation in HL patients (1.23) concerning to the control, which was (1). According to studied SNPs, some genotypes and alleles appeared to have significant protective effects. In contrast, others appeared to be risk factors that play a significant role in increasing HL incidence. Conclusion, our investigation of an Iraqi Arab population revealed significant associations between the IL-6 gene and HL.

Molecular Investigation comparative between Dombeya and Bombax plant Species of Exotic Malvaceae

2026-07-04T13:52:52+02:00

Background. The study focuses on the Malvaceae plant family, highlighting its significance in understanding plant diversity in Iraq. The exotic plants are species that are not naturally present in the local environment. their intestines during their long journey back and forth between their original habitats and wintering areas. Aim. To research involves classifying these plants, examining their properties and physical characteristics, and focusing on their molecular evolution and potential threats. The exotic plants Dombeya wallichii and Bombax ceiba are cultivated for ornamental purposes, these plants grew adapting to the environmental conditions in Iraq. The study provides valuable insights into the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships within the Malvaceae family in Iraq. Both plants perennial trees, so the study Chose to compare with Marva parviflora because that represents the family Malvaceae and it phant grew and distributed very well in Iraq. Methods.The study involves DNA isolation from plant samples using the Genomic DNA GENEzol™ DNA Reagent Plant Kit at the Macrogen Center in South Korea and analyzing the samples through agarose gel electrophoresis. Genetic variations within the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer sequences were analyzed to study the biodiversity patterns of three plant isolates from the family Malvaceae (designated O1, W1 and W2) collected from Babylon. Results. The results show successful PCR amplification of the TrnH-psbA region in some genera of the Malvaceae family, with sequence similarities to reference sequences. Sequencing reactions indicated that the identity of samples O1, W1 and W2 belonged to Marva parviflora, Dombeya wallichii, and Bommax ceiba, respectively. Variations were detected in some samples, and the alignment results showed the exact identity of the samples after NCBI BLASTn analysis. Conclusion. This research demonstrates that expanding molecular study to include genes and other genetic regions using (NGS) Next Generation Sequence technology for complete genes in mitochondria, plastids, or the nucleus. Highlighting its importance in showing genetic relationships in the plant genome.

Genetic Polymorphisms F2 and F13A1and Coagulation Profile and Their Association with the Risk of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion in Iraqi Women

2026-07-04T13:56:44+02:00

Background. Recurrent spontaneous abortion is defined as three or more consecutive clinically recognized spontaneous pregnancy loss. Many studies indicated that genetic variations have been proposed to cause recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Aim.The proposal target investigating the genetic association between the polymorphism of rs3136520 SNP in F2 gene and rs1050782 SNP in F13A1 gene and RSA. Method. This case-control study was conducted on 50 women with RSA as a case group and 50 apparently healthy women without any history of abortion with at least one healthy child as the control group. Blood samples were collected in tubes containing EDTA to obtain DNA. Platelets count; prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were determined. The rs3136520 SNPs was genotyped using Tetra-ARMS-PCR, while rs1050782 SNP was analyzed using High resolution melting (HRM) technique. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software. Result. There were no significant differences between study groups in terms of mean age and body mass index (BMI). No significant differences between the study groups as related to the mean platelets count. Prothrombin time mean was significantly (p˂0.05) increased in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion when compared with controls (14.6 ± 0.18 versus 13.9 ± 0.24 seconds, respectively; p˂0.05). Also, the mean of partial thromboplastin time was significantly (p˂0.01) increased in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion when compared with controls (34.9 ± 0.65 versus 32.0 ± 0.58 seconds, respectively; p˂0.01). As related with rs3136520 SNP in F2 gene, there was an association between the incidence of recurrent spontaneous abortion and the CT genotype of rs3136520 in F2 gene in Iraqi patients from Al-Najaf city. As related with rs1050782, the GG genotype may represent as a risk factor for RSA susceptibility in Iraqi women from Al-Najaf city. Also, GA and AA genotypes and A allele of rs1050782 were significantly (p˂0.01) lower in women with RSA than in controls and may act as a protective factor to decrease susceptibility RSA (42%, 28% and 69% of control group versus 20% , 18% and 28% of RSA group, for GA, AA genotypes and A allele, respectively). no significant differences were noted between the study groups as related with the percentages of each genotype and allele frequency in Iraqi women from Al-Najaf city. Conclusion. The results indicate that rs1050782 represents as a risk factor for RSA incidence while A allele represents as a protective factor for RSA. in Iraqi women from Al-Najaf city.

The activity of Selenium nanoparticles in combination with Azithromycin on Gene Expression and Genetic Variations of icaB and mecA of MDR Staphylococcus aureus.

2026-07-04T15:16:18+02:00

Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious community well-being risk because of its amplitude for biofilm creation and antibiotic resistance. Aims. The current study estimated the efficiency of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) unaccompanied and in mixture with azithromycin (AZM) in altering the expression of biofilm-associated (icaB) and methicillin resistance (mecA) genes in S. aureus MRSA isolates. Methods. Three Staphylococcus aureus MRSA isolates were selected out of total seventeen isolates. Cultured in concentrations of 8 µg/mL AZM, 0.125 µg/mL SeNPs, and their mixture (SeNPs-AZM) were investigated by q-PCR, followed by DNA sequencing analysis. Results. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that SeNPs and SeNPs-AZM significantly down-regulated icaB (mean fold change: SeNPs, 0.222; SeNPs-AZM, 0.077) and mecA (mean fold change: SeNPs, 0.1613; SeNPs-AZM, 0.105), with P<0.05 used for all groups in comparison with control. on the other hand, AZM without SeNPs upregulated both genes with mean of fold change (icaB, 2.222; mecA, 2.5022). Sequence analysis revealed that SeNPs-AZM promoted the maximum number of mutations, which encompassing semi-conserved, conserved missense, and silent mutations, fulfilling in 3% nucleotide and 25% protein variations for icaB and 1% nucleotide and 2% protein variations for mecA. Conclusions. These results established the latent of SeNPs, particularly when mixed with AZM, to decrease biofilm creation and antibiotic resistance by damaging bacterial controlling mechanisms, supplying a talented approach antagonistic toward multidrug-resistant MRSA infections.

Antibacterial effect of biosynthesized Copper Oxide nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus

2026-07-04T15:19:19+02:00

Background. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, pose a critical global health threat, necessitating innovative antimicrobial strategies such as the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) via pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aim. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), biosynthesized using pyocyanin, as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods. The research involves the cultivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, extraction of pyocyanin, and subsequent biosynthesis of CuO NPs. The findings are expected to provide insights into novel therapeutic strategies for combating resistant bacterial strains, addressing a critical public health need. Sample collection from Baghdad-Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Ghazi Al-Hariry Hospital, and Al-Imamein Al-Khadumein Teaching Hospital involved 228 clinical samples from burn wounds, otitis media, and urinary tract infections. The Copper Oxide Nanoparticles were synthesized by P. aeruginosa pyocyanin using the biological method and characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) These confirmed that it is nanoparticle. Results. The antimicrobial efficiency of Copper Oxide nanoparticle was determined for six multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates using a well diffusion assay (WDA). The maximum inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus was 40 mm at concentration 500mg/ml of CuO NPs. Conclusion. The study concludes that biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using pyocyanin exhibit potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, highlighting their promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for resistant infections.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Nanocomposites in Multi-Drug Resistant Streptococcus mutans

2026-07-04T15:25:04+02:00

Background. The nano-method has been used to create new, non-traditional antimicrobial agents. It is a successful treatment for infectious diseases and offers several benefits over conventional antibiotics, such as no side effects, enhanced effectiveness against drug-resistant organisms, and the ability to prevent the emergence of resistance that disrupts several biological processes. Aim. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize nanoparticles and investigate their antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects against Streptococcus mutans. Methods. Chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs) were acquired from the Ministry of Science and Technology. FTIR analysis was used to validate the diagnosis, and a methanolic extract of Annona muricata was used to prepare green silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, where the absorption of the formed AgNPs was at 427 nm at room temperature. The magnetic graphene nanocomposite (rGO/Fe3O4-NPs) was prepared physically. The nanocomposite rGO/Fe3O4.Ch-Ag-NPs was then created by combining nanoparticles of Ch-NPs, Ag-NPs, and rGO/Fe3O4-NPs (mix), and identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Numerous tests were carried out on the nanoparticles, including assessment of antibacterial efficacy, determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and evaluation of biofilm development. According to the diagnostic findings, the single or mixed nanoparticles had a spherical form. Two Streptococcus mutans isolates were examined for antibiotic sensitivity, and the findings indicated that the isolates were resistant to the majority of drugs. Results. The results of the disc diffusion method evaluation of the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles revealed that, at concentrations of 128 μg/ml, the nanocomposite rGO/Fe3O4.Ch-Ag-NPs (Mix) was more effective than Ch-NPs, Ag-NPs, and rGO/Fe3O4-NPs. The Streptococcus mutans isolates had the highest inhibition zones, measuring 17.67 ± 0.58 and 17.33 ± 0.58 mm in isolates No. (2) and (1), respectively, when compared with Ch-NPs, Ag-NPs, and rGO/Fe3O4-NPs. Ag-NPs and Ch-NPs had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μg/ml on two Streptococcus mutans isolates. However, for two isolates of Streptococcus mutans, the MIC of the rGO/Fe3O4-NPs (Mix) was 16 μg/ml. On two isolates of Streptococcus mutans, however, the MIC of the rGO/Fe3O4.Ch-Ag-NPs (Mix) was 8 μg/ml. Ag-NPs and rGO/Fe3O4-NPs completely prevented Streptococcus mutans from forming biofilms at 16 μg/ml, whereas Ch-NPs completely prevented Streptococcus mutans isolates from forming biofilms at 32 μg/ml. However, at 4 μg/ml, the nanocomposite rGO/Fe3O4.Ch-Ag-NPs (Mix) completely inhibited the anti-biofilm activity of Streptococcus mutans isolates. Conclusion. The synthesized nanocomposite rGO/Fe3O4.Ch-Ag-NPs exhibited superior antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus mutans compared with the individual nanoparticles. The nanocomposite showed the lowest MIC and effectively inhibited biofilm formation, indicating its potential as a promising antimicrobial agent against resistant Streptococcus mutans isolates.

Optimization, Characterization and Green Synthesis of Iron Oxides Nanoparticles Using Nerium Oleander Extracts and their activities against F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici After Genetic Diagnosis

2026-07-04T15:28:25+02:00

Background: Green-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles may provide an eco-friendly approach for controlling fungal plant pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Aim: This study aims at optimizing the synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles utilizing Nerium oleander leaf extract and investigating its anti-fungal activity against the identified Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Methods: Nanoparticles of iron oxide were prepared using a mixture of leaf extract of Nerium oleander. The optimization of synthesis parameters was done on the basis of pH (4, 7, and 10) and temperatures (30, 50, and 70°C). The nanoparticles were analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The identification of fungus was done using PCR and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Results: The optimum conditions for nanoparticle formation were at a pH 4 and a temperature of 30°C, which resulted in the formation of spherical particles with an average size of 24.99 nm. The maximum absorbance was at 292 nm and the zeta potential was 20.9 mV. The percentage composition was made up of oxygen, carbon, and iron at 80.0%, 11.4%, and 8.6%, respectively. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing showed 100% homology to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici with GenBank Accession Number PQ060101. The inhibition zone diameters at 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL concentrations were 10, 14, and 19 mm. Conclusions: N. oleander-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrated concentration-dependent antifungal activity and may represent a potential green approach for controlling tomato Fusarium wilt.

Investigation of Genetically Modified Foods in Iraqi Markets

2026-07-04T15:32:40+02:00

Background. Plant genetic transformation is a pathway used to improve plant yield, quality, and tolerance to abiotic/biotic stress. Aim. of the current study was detection of genetically modified food products in maize products in Iraqi markets. Methods. Fifty food products of corn such as corn chips, starch, flakes, etc. were collected from local markets in Baghdad, Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture and agricultural companies. Three samples were taken for each item in the period from December 2023 to January 2024. DNA extraction was done using gene aid kit and CTAB DNA extraction method for positive control. Conventional PCR and Quantitative Real-time PCR for detection GM food products were used. Results. A 78%, 96% and 80% of the samples were found to carry the CaMV35s, Nos, Bt-11 genes according to conventional PCR suggesting widespread presence of GM maize in the Iraqi market. The Ct values of the transformed genes were higher than its corresponding of housekeeping gene suggesting a possible high representation of GMO maize in the Iraqi market. The MOM average of CaMV-35S and T-nos was 1.02 and 1.01 respectively. The copy number average of 36 food products of maize samples for Bt-11 was 25. Conclusion. The results presented in the present study demonstrate a clear risk of GMO maize availability in the Iraqi market.

In vitro anticancer efficiency of vitex negundo extracts

2026-07-04T15:35:47+02:00

Background. Vitex negundo is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive phytochemicals, particularly phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which have been associated with antioxidant and anticancer activities. Natural plant-derived compounds have gained increasing attention as potential alternatives for cancer therapy due to their lower toxicity and diverse pharmacological properties. Aim. To evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activities of aqueous and alcoholic leaf extracts of Vitex negundo through phytochemical analysis, antioxidant assessment, and cytotoxic evaluation against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Methods. Leaves of Vitex negundo were extracted using aqueous and 80% methanolic solvents by Soxhlet extraction. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined using aluminum chloride and Folin–Ciocalteu methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the phosphomolybdenum assay at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL. Cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and normal human dermal fibroblast (HdFn) cells was assessed by the MTT assay using extract concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 400 μg/mL. Results. The alcoholic extract exhibited significantly higher flavonoid (512.36 ± 2.82 μg/mL) and phenolic contents (261.83 ± 0.41 μg/mL) than the aqueous extract (287.59 ± 2.61 and 232.94 ± 0.45 μg/mL, respectively). Antioxidant activity was also greater in the alcoholic extract, reaching 17.84 ± 0.75 at 150 μg/mL compared with 4.88 ± 0.73 for the aqueous extract. Both extracts showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. The alcoholic extract demonstrated stronger anticancer activity with an IC₅₀ value of 56.2 μg/mL, whereas the aqueous extract exhibited an IC₅₀ of 102.0 μg/mL. Both extracts showed comparatively lower toxicity toward normal HdFn cells. Conclusion. Vitex negundo leaf extracts possess considerable antioxidant and anticancer activities, with the alcoholic extract exhibiting superior biological efficacy due to its higher phenolic and flavonoid contents. These findings suggest that Vitex negundo represents a promising natural source of bioactive compounds for the development of potential therapeutic agents against breast cancer

A Study of the virulence genes of hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae and their comparison with classic Klebsiella pneumoniae

2026-07-04T15:39:59+02:00

Background. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of healthcare- and community-associated infections. Hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae exhibits enhanced virulence due to the presence of specific virulence-associated genes that contribute to bacterial pathogenicity and disease severity. Aim. To determine the prevalence of hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and investigate the distribution of selected virulence genes (k2, kfu, entB, hcp, rmpA, and magA) in comparison with classical K. pneumoniae isolates. Methods. Fifty-seven clinical isolates were collected from different clinical specimens, including urine, blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue artificial bone, burns, and wound samples, from several hospitals in Baghdad between August and November 2024. Bacterial isolates were identified using microscopic examination, cultural characteristics, biochemical tests, and the Vitek-2 Compact system. Hypermucoviscosity was evaluated using the string test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the presence of the virulence genes (k2, kfu, entB, hcp, rmpA, and magA), and statistical analysis was conducted using the Pearson Chi-square test. Results. Of the 57 collected isolates, 55 were confirmed as K. pneumoniae, with urinary tract infections representing the highest proportion (58.18%). Only five isolates (9%) exhibited the hypermucoviscous phenotype. PCR analysis of 35 representative isolates demonstrated that the entB gene was detected in 100% of isolates, followed by kfu and hcp genes (97.14% each), while the k2 gene was detected in 88.57% of isolates. Neither rmpA nor magA genes were detected in any isolate. Significant differences were observed in the distribution of virulence genes (p ≤ 0.005). Conclusion. The study demonstrated that both hypermucoviscous and classical K. pneumoniae isolates harbor multiple virulence genes, with entB being the most prevalent. The absence of rmpA and magA genes indicates that hypermucoviscosity is likely influenced by additional virulence determinants rather than these genes alone.

The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Modulating of Global DNA Methylation and Obesity-Related Bio-Parameters

2026-07-04T17:07:26+02:00

Background. Obesity has become a rapidly increasing global epidemic health issue where vitamin D seems to impact both of the disease course and the epigenetic profile of the obese individuals. Aim. Given the scarcity of local studies examining the correlation between vitamin D levels, global DNA methylation in the context of obesity, this study was set to explore these potential relationships between VD deficiency and changes in liver enzymes, antioxidant levels, global DNA methylation in addition to body fat distribution as reflected by waist circumference and body mass index in Iraqi obese. Methods. The study involved 90 participants, including 60 obese individuals and 30 healthy controls (mean age: 31.5 years, range: 20-50 years). All the obese cases were diagnosed at Al Karkh General Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq and private clinic during the period of the 1^st November 2023 to the 30^th March 2024 by the consultant medical staff. Demographic data such as sex, age, BMI, WC, PBF% were assessed in addition to obesity-related bio-parameters, including vitamin D3, liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were evaluated. Furthermore, global DNA methylation levels were assessed following DNA extraction using the MethylFlash™ Global DNA Methylation (5 mC%) ELISA Easy Kit. Results. The levels of vitamin D3 were significantly lower in obese subjects (22.30 ± 1.61) compared to healthy controls (30.20 ± 1.38) (P = 0.002). A positive correlation (r = 0.3) was also observed between lower vitamin D3 levels and reduced global DNA methylation. There was a significant increase in ALT enzyme levels in obese individuals (32.12 ± 2.34) compared to healthy controls (24.47 ± 1.13) (P = 0.02). This suggests that obesity is associated with elevated ALT levels, which are related to liver function. In addition, obese subjects exhibited significantly lower serum T-AOC levels (0.160 ± 0.004) compared to healthy controls (0.191 ± 0.011) (P = 0.0024), indicating a reduction in overall antioxidant defense and a potential increase in oxidative stress. DNA methylation levels were significantly reduced in obese subjects (0.348 ± 0.01) compared to healthy controls (0.559 ± 0.02) (P < 0.0001), suggesting that obesity may be associated with changes in DNA methylation. Conclusion. Vitamin D deficiency is significantly positively correlated with global DNA hypomethylation (5mC%) and reduced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels. It is also negatively correlated with obesity-related anthropometric measurements and liver enzymes, suggesting its potential role in the increasing rates of chronic inflammation in obese patients and the pathogenesis of obesity.

Isolation and Identification of Enterobacter cloacae with Phenotypic and Genetic detection

2026-07-04T17:10:14+02:00

Background: The genus Enterobacter includes facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli that are 2 mm long, are motile by means of peritrichous flagella, and belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The existence of genes in bacteria is problematic because Enterobacter cloacae resistance genes can be crucial to the pathogenicity of this organism and cause many bacteria to become resistant to many antibiotic groups. Clinical isolates containing biofilm and papC genes must be identified to control the bacteria's spread and reduce its pathogenicity. Aim of this research are isolation and identification of Enterobacter cloacae from clinical isolates and detection about resistant genes ( papC, csgAB ,bssb) biofilm. Method: This investigation involved the collection of (225) clinical specimens from Baghdad and Al-muthana hospitals from various sources; (12) isolates, or 5.3 % of all isolates, were successfully identified as Enterobacter cloacae. Results: our result show exist only two of tested genes were founded in E.cloacae ,papC and Biofilm genes detected by PCR. These isolates were the most resistance for antibiotics. These show that there were differences between biofilm formation. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of the bacterial biofilm phenotype as a potential virulence factor which may contribute to the clinical relapse of infections.

Serine Protease Autotransporters Genes Distribution and their Association with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

2026-07-04T17:25:07+02:00

Background. One of the characteristic features of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is their secretion of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs). Aim. To investigate the prevalence of serine protease autotransporter genes in E. coli and their correlation with antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Methods. A total of 500 urine specimens were collected from patients with UTIs to isolate UPEC. An antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer technique and molecular detection of virulence genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. 100 E. coli isolates were obtained. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity assessment showed that piperacillin (80%); and ampicillin (92%) have the highest resistance rate while meropenem (1%); amikacin (2%); nitrofurantoin (2%); and fosfomycin (5%) have the lowest resistance rate. The prevalence of serine protease autotransporters genes was vat 58.3%, sat 36.6%, pic 30% , tagB and tagC 18.3%. Conclusion. At least one serine protease autotransporter gene was identified in 68.3% of E. coli isolates. There was also a significant correlation between resistance to some antibiotics and the presence of virulence genes in the UPEC isolates.

The Forensic Genetic Profiling of Alcoholism within the Iraqi Population

2026-07-04T17:27:57+02:00

Background. Alcoholism is a multifaceted condition shaped by the interaction of hereditary, environmental, and behavioral elements, affecting gene expression and cellular pathways. Short tandem repeats (STRs) function as essential genetic markers, providing insights into genetic predispositions and population-level changes linked to alcohol consumption. Aim. This study examines the genetic diversity and forensic utility of STR markers in Iraqi communities. Methods. The examined autosomal STRs, encompassing essential CODIS loci, through a five-color fluorescence detection technique to evaluate allele frequency, heterozygosity, and regional genetic variation. The findings indicate considerable variability in allele frequencies, with departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) at specific loci, implying effects from genetic drift, population structure, or selective pressures. Results. There was not much difference between areas regarding allelic variation, average allele count, and allelic size ranges. However, some loci (DYS391) showed changes in regional frequency that past migration patterns and demographic effects may have caused. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculation revealed that loci 7 and 23 regularly deviated from equilibrium across all regions. This could be because of selection pressures or non-random mating. Statistical tests of forensic efficiency parameters such as MP, PD, and PE showed that loci like Penta E, D16S539, and D18S51 help exclude individuals. At the same time, markers like DYS391 had lower exclusion capacity, especially in certain areas. Conclusion. This work elucidates the relationship between regional genetic variation and environmental influences, enhancing comprehension of the genetic underpinnings of alcohol dependency in ethnically varied communities. These findings have implications for personalized therapy and the development of predictive biomarkers for alcohol dependence.

Distribution of HIV Viral Load According Age Group and Sex in Treated HIV Iraqi Patients

2026-07-04T17:30:45+02:00

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects humans and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition where the immune system becomes weak, making the body vulnerable to serious infections and cancers. The infection often starts without symptoms, but the virus becomes detectable in the blood over time. Starting treatment and regularly monitoring viral load is essential for maintaining health and preventing transmission, as viral load testing is the most reliable method to assess the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the viral load of HIV-infected patients undergoing antiviral therapy in Iraq to observe treatment effectiveness, and to identify the genotype of the HIV-1 strain using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Methods: Viral load was measured for 112 HIV-infected patients using real-time PCR. Additionally, NGS analysis was performed on an Iraqi strain to determine its specific subgroup and subtype. Results: Demographic analysis showed that 92 patients (82.1%) were males and 20 patients (17.9%) were females, with the largest age group being between 31 and 50 years, accounting for 77 patients (68.8%). Regarding treatment response, a high viral load was maintained in 98 patients (87.5%), while the remaining 14 patients (12.5%) responded successfully to treatment and achieved an undetectable viral load. Furthermore, the duration of treatment revealed a positive correlation with viral load levels, and NGS results officially confirmed the infection of HIV-1, subgroup M, subtype B in Iraq. Conclusion: A high proportion of HIV-1 infected patients in Iraq showed elevated viral loads, indicating either recent infection, poor treatment adherence, or drug resistance. Additionally, the HIV-1 subgroup M, subtype B genotype is confirmed in Iraq, and the outcomes appear to be age-dependent rather than gender-dependent.