Iraqi journal of biotechnology

Evaluating of Genetic Polymorphism and Effect of the (HLA-G) Gene on Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Group of Iraqi Patients

1Ibrahim G. Mohammed , 1Da’ad A. Hussain, 2Ali H. Al-Hafidh — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variants of the HLA-G gene and its effect on the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One hundred samples were collected, including seventy infected people and thirty free of the disease. The patient samples collected starting from December 2022 to February 2023 in Rheumatology department of Baghdad Teaching Hospital. The level of HLA-G was measured in the serum of both infected and healthy people using the ELISA technique, which showed significant differences with statistical significance, where the value of p-value was equal to 0.001 while the value of mean ± SD in healthy people was greater than in patients (84.38 ± 35.99), (45.03 ± 30.03) respectively. The genotypes were determined in the two groups of patients and healthy people using the RT-PCR technique to determine (rs 1063320) SNP for the antigen (HLA-G) and it showed that the genotype (heterozygous) gave the largest value among the other types between patients and healthy people mean ± SD (77.69 ± 53.6) for healthy people and (64.65 ± 95.37) for patients and there were no significant differences as the value was p-value (0.6). In the study of genotypes and allele frequency, the study showed that in Co-dominant the (CG) pattern was the most frequent, as it was in patients (55.7%) while in healthy people (40%) and in Dominant the (CG+GG) pattern was the most frequent (68.6%) in patients and (60%) in healthy people. The Recessive (CC+CG) pattern was also more frequent with a ratio of (87.1%) for patients and (80%) for healthy people. The frequency of the allele (C) was higher than the allele (G) as it was in patients (83%) and healthy people (36%) while the proportions of (57%) and (24%) were for patients and healthy people, respectively. The study showed that the analysis of the balance Hardy-Weinberg Equation showed a balance between the observed values and the expected values. We did not notice any statistically significant differences, as the values of p-values were (0.2) and (0.3) for patients and healthy people, respectively.

Screening for TKD mutation in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene in Iraqi patients with acute myeloid leukemia

¹Shurooq A. Lafta, , ²Ismail A. Abdulhassan — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a destructive hematological tumor illness marked via uncontrolled proliferations of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrows. One of the most common genetic variations in AML is the mutations in the FLT3 gene. This study aimed to discover the mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) of the FLT3 gene. This study consisted of two groups, the control group included 50 apparently healthy subjects and 50 newly diagnosed Individuals with AML. Blood samples were collected for DNA extraction used in the RFLP to detect the TKD mutation. The Eco RV enzyme was used to detect the TKD. The wild-type fragments were 80 bp, 51 bp, and 20 bp, while the mutant-type fragments were 131 bp and 20 bp. The findings indicated that the ratio of the TKD mutation was significantly (p˂0.05) greater in males than in females. All the TKD mutations detected in the present study were heterozygous. The TKD mutation ratio was 8 % in Iraqi Individuals with AML. According to the FAB classification, the mutant cases were 3 in the M5 and 1 in the M7. WBC was significantly (P=˂0.01) greater in Individuals with AML than in the healthy controls (HCs). No significant variations were noted between the wild-type and the mutant-type related to the WBC count and peripheral blast cell in patients.

Assessment of Efflux Pump Activity and Screened the Prevalence of Associated Genes Mex A and B among MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates

1Salwa A. Abdul Hussein, 2Abdulameer M. Ghareeb — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Efflux pumps play a critical role in the biology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, These pumps are membrane-bound transport systems that actively expel various substances, including antibiotics, toxic compounds, and metabolic byproducts, out of the bacterial cell. The aim of research to detect the presence of efflux pump genes Mex A and Mex B Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different sources. One hundred samples were taken from male and female patients within four age groups (1-9, 10-29, 30-50 and < 50 ) . The study revealed that 50% of samples were positive to P. aeruginosa with no significant variation among gender and age groups but there was a little higher rate in the young people group than older people group. The isolates subjected to measure the biofilm production ability and results revealed there were 39 (78%) out of 50 isolate confirmed as P. aeruginosa strong biofilm formation while the rest isolates were showed weak and moderate production of biofilm. The antibiotic sensitivity test was done using the disc diffusion method for all Fifty strain which shows very high resistance to selected antibiotics, especially Piperacillin and Ticarcillin-clavulanate, the most antibiotic-effective bacterial growth was Piperacillin-tazobactam. Phenotypic detection of efflux pump activity was done using the ethidium bromide cartwheel method and revealed that 32 (17 isolate positive for all concentration; 15 isolates positive against different concentration) (64%) of examined isolates were positive to efflux pump in all concentrations of ethidium bromide dye. While 18 (36%) isolates were inactive for the efflux pump in all concentrations. Ten efflux pump positive isolates were selected for molecular detection. The result of the molecular study using conventional PCR detection for Mex A and Mex B genes shows that all ten-isolate have efflux pump genes.

Screening and Repurposing as an Important Approach for DNA Methyltransferase1 Enzyme Inhibitor Drug Finding by Using Molecular Operating Environment Software

1 Ali Haidar Dirjal and 2 2 Mohammed I. Nader AL-Taee — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The inhibition of enzymes are very important in the discovery of drugs, especially in the epigenetic regulators such as DNA methyltransferase 1, critical enzyme in DNA methylation linked to cancer and other diseases. This study, the Molecular Operating Environment software was used to achieve virtual screening and drug repurposing in finding of potential DNA methyltransferase 1 enzyme inhibitors. Approach of this study focused on screening of a library of some of FDA-approved drugs for their binding affinity and complementary to DNA methyltransferase 1 enzyme using molecular docking steps. Through screening, telmisartan an angiotensin II receptor blocker appeared with proper binding at the DNA methyltransferase 1 enzyme catalytic site. Analysis showed key hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds responsible for its inhibitory effect. This research highlights the importance of computational tools in drug retargeting, cleared how molecular operating environment can lead the identification and repurposing of existing medications for novel therapeutic uses. Results provide a foundation for further experimental studies to validate telmisartan as a potential DNA methyltransferase 1 enzyme inhibitor.

Evaluation the Levels of Stem Cells Markers in the Cultured Cells Isolated from Human Chorionic Plate of the Fetal Side

1Mustafa. A.A. Altwell, Mohammed. 2Abdalmalek. Ali. Al-Bedhawi — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Stem cells are exclusive population of cells located in all stages of lifetime that holds capability to self-renewal plus specialize to group of cell lineages of multiple organs. Stem cells within human chorionic tissues consider have potential applications because they serve as a source of multipotency for multiple cells regeneration. These cells express certain surface markers for their detection includes CD90, CD105, CD73, CD34 and CD14, Samples were collected from newly baby born placenta. Stem cells enrichment was conducted using enzymatic method of collagenase type I and culturing using DMEM-low glucose for several days. The results showed that the collected cells after culture demonstrated increased level of gene expression for targeted markers mentioned above by RT-PCR in comparison with the cells.

In conclusion: the isolated cells demonstrated increase in the expression of stem cells markers after culture, which indicate stem cells self-enrichment after day six of culture.

Assocıatıon Between the Hematopoietically Expressed Homeobox ( HHEX) Gene (Rs1111875 AND Rs7923837) Polymorphısm and Type 2 Dıabetes Mellıtus in Iraqı Patıents

1Israa T. Hassan , 2Basima Q. Hasan, 3Alaa T. Hassan — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study was carried out in Baghdad Training Hospital Hereditary Research Laboratories in Baghdad, through the time from the first of March to the end of the first day of December 2022. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between rsllll875 and rs7923837 polymorphisms in the HHEX gene in patients with Iraqi type 2 DM. The total number of patients is 120 Iraqi individuals, including 80 patients suffering from T2DM, 40 visibly healthy samples, and the age range of these people (25-75). significant changes were noticed in high FBS level, and HbA1C level (p<0.0001). There is no significant difference in BMI. The findings found that the percentage of T2DM cases was found in the second age group, which reached 55% of the total patients, while the lowest percentage was observed in the first age group with 11.25%. The occurrence of DM was associated with family history and the effects of smoking. It was revealed that the sum of biochemical parameters Cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, were significant in patients, while serum HDL and LDL did not differ significantly in the control group compared to the patient group. The odds ratio C/T was more than one (rs 1111875) SNP polymorphism genotype was highly associated with the risk of developing diabetes in this studied sample.

The Cytotoxic Effects of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Caps of White Beech Mushroom (Hypsizygus tessulatus) on HepG2 (Hepatocellular Cancer Cell Line(

1Athmar Jasim Mukhit , 2Israa Ahmed Ali — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Cancer remains the world's leading cause of death, despite advancements in detection and treatment techniques. The current direction in scientific study is the development of novel anticancer medications derived from plants. Unlike other cancer therapies, phytochemicals are thought to work selectively and specifically, not to harm healthy cells. Liver cancer is a global health concern that has a high fatality rate. Because certain therapeutic mushroom extracts have anticancer qualities, they are becoming more and more popular. Using varying concentrations of white beech mushroom caps (15.60 μg/ml, 31.25 μg/ml, 62.5 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml, and 500 μg/ml) for 48 hours at 37 °C, this study examined the function of extracts from the caps of the mushroom (Hypsizygus tessulatus) as a cytotoxic agent against two cell lines: the colon cell line cancer (HepG2) and the normal cell line HFF-1. The viability findings showed that the sensitivity of HepG2 was 532.88µg/ml. The study found that because white beech mushroom caps have little cytotoxicity on HFF-1, there is no danger involved in employing them in pharmaceuticals. The extract of white beech mushroom caps had a viability percentage of 55.84% on HepG2 cell lines at a 500 mg/ml concentration. Following 48 hours of incubation, there was no sensitivity and 100% viability in HFF-1 cells at control (IC50>100 µg/ml). In summary, the extract had an inhibitory impact on cancer cell lines, suggesting that it may be used as an anticancer medication.

Evaluation of Serum Amyloid A Levels and Some Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Severe Inflammatory Bowel Disease

1Khadija N. M. Al-Mosawi, 2Yasser A. H. Al-Issa — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by variability in activity and severity. Identifying accurate biomarkers remains a major challenge to improve diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. The aims of this study were to study the level of serum amyloid A protein towards inflammatory bowel disease severity. To compare the level of serum amyloid A protein with other biomarkers such as cytosolic phospholipase A2, myeloperoxidase, and presepsin; Also to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers. The study involved 135 participants, distributed into 40 patients with Crohn's disease and 35 patients with ulcerative colitis, in addition to a comparison group of 60 healthy controls. Amyloid A, cytosolic phospholipase A2, myeloperoxidase, and presepsin concentrations were measured for all contributors. Disease activity was evaluated by measures calculated specifically for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In addition, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of the biomarkers by assessing their sensibility and particularity rates of these indicators. The results of the study revealed a significant increase in amyloid A levels in IBD patients compared to healthy individuals, with statistically significant differences It also showed a strong positive correlation among amyloid A and the severity of disease activity indices. Statistical analysis confirmed that amyloid A levels had the highest discriminatory ability to differentiate between patients and the control group, indicating that it may be the most perfect biomarker for assessing disease status. Amyloid A protein has high specificity and sensibility in distinguishing between patients with IBD and healthy individuals, as well as in differentiating between patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, indicating that it may be the most accurate candidate for diagnosing inflammatory bowel diseases.

The Role of Serum Ceramide Levels and Some Biochemical Markers Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Patients

¹Noor Q. Mudhaffer, ²Ismail A. Abdul-Hassan — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that, over time, leads to major illnesses due to its numerous consequences. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent kind of disease; it is a complicated disease that is caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Ceramides are structural units of lipids in cell membranes and signaling molecules involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis. However, ceramides are most often recognized as the foundation for lipid bilayers. This study involved the collection of 120 blood samples, 60 patients with T2DM, and 60 apparently healthy subjects as a control group. The serum ceramide level was determined by ELISA. Body mass indexes (BMI) were calculated for all participants. The biochemical parameters studied (fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were also measured. The Results indicate that serum ceramide levels are significantly (P<0.0001) higher in T2DM patients versus controls. Also, FBG and HbA1c were levels significantly (P<0.0001) elevated in T2DM patients versus controls. Lipid parameters (Cholesterol, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)) significantly increased in T2DM patients compared with a control group. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) showed no significant differences in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to control subjects. The study concludes that the serum ceramide levels may represent a biomarker for the pathogenicity of T2DM in Iraqi patients.

Global Registration of Environmental Bacteria Recorded in NCBI, ENA and DDBJ for New Iraqi Isolates

1Hala F. Hassan , 2Adnan I. Al-Badran — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The current study included the identification and new global registration of bacteria isolated from two environmental sources (soil and water). The Goal of this research is screening the microbiome community with a highly adaptability of new bacterial strains grown in environment. The molecular identification of 28 isolates was successfully performed using the amplification and sequencing of the 16SrRNA gene. Additionally, bacterial identification was confirmed through Gram staining. Fifteen samples isolated from soil and Thirteen from water were recorded as new strains in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the Gene bank Data. Results showed, that the bacterial species involved: (6) Bacillus subtiles, (1) Psychrobacter nivimaris, (2) Terribacillus aidingensis, (1) Zobellella denitrificans, (1) Bacillus cabrialesii, (2) Staphylococcus gallinarum , (1) Photobacterium halotolerans, (1) Bacillus paramycoides, (1) Pseudomonas putida, (4) Staphylococcus epidermidis, (3) Staphylococcus haemolyticus, (1) Rheinheimera aquimaris, (1)Planomicrobium okeanokoites,, (1)Micrococcus endophyticus, (1) Rheinheimera baltica, and (1) Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Gene investigations were performed on all isolates and the phylogenetic tree of the isolates was constructed using MEGA 11 software. These strains identified based on phenotypic properties and molecular techniques. The new bacterial strain exhibited a significant performance in environment.

Frequency of Paclitaxel Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (PIPN) in Iraqi Breast Cancer Patients: A QLQ-CIPN20 Analysis

1Shireen N. Qasim, 2Wiaam Ahmed Al – Amili, 3Ali Emad Mohammad Moneer — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Breast Cancer is a first leading cause of deaths in women worldwide. Many anticancer agents are used to treat the disease such as Taxol (Scientific name Paclitaxel). Taxol target the cell cycle dysfunction and prevent microtubules depolymerisation, leading to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This prospective cohort study evaluated the incidence and severity of Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (PIPN) in 30 breast cancer patients receiving Taxol chemotherapy at Al-Yarmook teaching Hospital. PIPN was assessed using the the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-CIPN twenty-item scale (QLQ-CIPN20). Patient-reported symptom questionnaires over a 10 weeks follow-up period. For sensory scale, patients score was (6.42 ± 3.73b) at baseline to (34.85 ± 15.11a) after treatment (p < 0.0001). For motor scale, patients score was (5.58±3.21b) at baseline to (26.22±12.0c) after treatment (p < 0.0001). For autonomic scale, patients score was from (5.12±2.96b) at baseline to (14.37±11.09c) after treatment (p < 0.0001). These findings highlight the high burden of PIPN in breast cancer patients treated with Taxol and emphasize the need for close monitoring and early intervention to mitigate this adverse effect."

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Enzyme Gene Expression in Asthenozoospermic Men Before and After Sperm Activation in vitro

1Noor Hani Al-Naji, 2Ismail Hussein Aziz, 3Saad S. Al-Dujaily — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The study was conducted to treat the asthenozoospermic samples in vitro by swim-up technique and determine the gene expression of Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3A) in semen samples of Iraqi men before and after activation in vitro. The semen samples of 50 men were collected from Al-Najaf Fertility Center in Al-Sader Medical City, Ministry of Health in Najaf-Iraq from 2024 to 2025. Following seminal fluid analysis ,25 patients with asthenozoospermia and 25 healthy fertile controls were enrolled. In vitro sperm activation by FertiCult^TM Flushing medium using swim-up technique was performed for all semen samples. The expression levels of the GSK3A gene in semen samples were analyzed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results of present work revealed a highly significant improvement in active sperm motility (P<0.006) and normal sperm morphology percentages (P<0.001) in both control and asthenozoospermic (AS) patients group compared to before activation. The expression levels of GSK3A gene after activation showed a significant (P<0.01) difference in asthenozoospermic patients group compared to before activation, while the gene expression of control group after activation was shown non-significant (P>0.5) difference compared to before activation.

Evaluation of the Safety Consumption and Adulteration for Red Minced Meat Products in the Local Markets of Baghdad

1Ahmed A. M. Ameen, 2Amina N. Althwani — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Meat serves as a rich source of numerous vital nutrients for humans, the contamination, adulteration and fraudulent of minced meat have raised a serious legal, religious, and medical problems in Iraq and other countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the minced meat validity throughout detecting of common bacterial contamination and identifying animal meat species in addition to investigate of halal authentication using conventional and molecular methods. A total of (100) distinct minced meat items were randomly gathered in various regions of Baghdad city. The first step in this study was explore the bacterial contamination with routine and molecular assays, meat tissue were cultured on different media. So, bacterial isolates were subjected to macroscopical, microscopical and biochemical tests, for more confirmation the molecular diagnosis using 16SrRNA as a housekeeping-genes was conducted by PCR. Also, four sets of primers were designed to test the pathogenicity of bacterial isolates by targeting of virulent gene for each one as gap, ttr and rfb genes for Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 respectively. The second step of focused on animal meat species, by molecular assay highlighted the origin of meat species, a set of eight primers specific to cytochrome (cyt) b gene family for detect the chicken, cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig, donkey and dog meat. One hundred minced meat samples examined revealed that there was a significant level of bacterial contamination involved 43%, 9% and 9% by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and E. coliO157:H7 respectively. And, 24% adulteration and mislabeling in beef minced meat label with sheep, goat, and chicken. Tow positive sample were recorded for donkey species, while negative results were documented for dog, horse and pig meat species in all examined sample. The study determined that the examined meat products showed presence of a high percentage of bacterial contamination in meat products, which poses a direct threat and danger to human health. Clear evidence of adulteration. The employed mitochondrial DNA based multiplex PCR proved to be a valuable and uncomplicated technique for verifying the species of the meat products.

Molecular Similarities and Differences Associated with Determining the Six Species from Asteraceae Family.

1Ahmed Hasan Kadhim, 2Israa Abdul Razzaq Majed Al-Dobaissi — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Six species from the Asteraceae family were studied using the nuclear region: ITS. This method was used to discover the molecular similarities and differences associated with determining the genetic structure. As a result of DNA amplification and sequencing, the ITS ribosomal analysis showed genetic relationships between the species, which were distributed across several clades. A member of the Asteraceae family was studied for the first time at the molecular level in Iraq, its molecular identification was confirmed, and it was registered in the NCPI as a new species in Iraq, specifically in Baghdad Governorate.

Purification and Characterization of Prodigiosin Produced from Serratia marcescens and its Inhibitory Effect on Leukemia Cell Line

1Nabaa Muwafaq Othman, 2Reem Waleed Yonis — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Serratia marcescens naturally produces prodigiosin, a red pigment with numerous therapeutic uses. Out of 145 UTI samples and 35 soil samples were collected, and only 16 isolates were diagnosed as Serratia marcescens according to the VITEK system. The isolates were tested under primary screening to select the prodigiosin-producing isolates. After that, the isolates examined secondary screening to choose the most pigmented one, Isolate S2 had the highest pigment productivity (0.1704g/l) . the optimized media consisting of sucrose as carbon source, peptone as nitrogen source, pH 7, temperature 28 °C, and 72 h incubation time resulted in the highest production of 0.367 g/L of prodigiosin. The pigment was purified by column chromatography, identified, and characterized by FTIR, UV-VIS and GC mass spectrophotometry. The pigment corresponded to prodigiosin with maximum absorption at 535 nm and structural formula C₂₀H₂₅N₃O.The cytotoxic effect test was done using the MTT assay. A high cytotoxic effect was observed on the HL-60 cancer cell line while no inhibitory effect was on the normal cell line.

Understanding of Vitamin D receptors Polymorphisms (FokI and ApaI) Role in Kidney Stones Formation

1Julan Yousif Jassim , 2Luma Hassan Alwan Al Obaidyb — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Kidney stones are a multifactorial disease results from complex interaction of the environmental, dietary and genetics factors. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms have indirect impact on kidney stone formation via regulation of Ca2+ metabolism. This study investigated the association of the Vit.D3 receptor gene polymorphisms in ApaI (T>G) rs7975232 and FokI (T>C) rs2228570 in the Iraqi kidney stones formers. The study included (96) samples, 64 patients with kidney stones, and the control group consisted of 32 apparently healthy individuals. The samples of this study were collected from The AL-Yarmok hospital in Baghdad/Iraq; the period of this study was from October 2024 to July 2024. Calculi were chemically analyzed. Biochemical investigations of kidney function tests: Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, also Vit. D3 and Ca2+serum levels were measured. The target sequences of VDR gene were amplified by PCR technique and directly sequenced by Sangers method to identify the polymorphic genotypes. The odds ratio (OR) for TG genotype was (OR1.53, 95% CI 0.06 -38.75) which may be increasing the risk factor for kidney stone formation. The odds ratio (OR) for TT genotype was (OR0.26, 95% CI 0.03-2.23), which indicates that TT genotype does not constitute a risk factor for kidney stones. Understanding In this study, it was found that weak of statistically significant association between genotype distribution FokI (C>T) in exon 2, and ApaI (T>G) in intron 8 of VDR gene and the risk of calcium urolithiasis development in the Iraqi population. The relationship between genetic variations in the vitamin D receptor helps support and develops sustainable health care through several axes, including reducing health costs and promoting sustainable nutrition. Keywords: Stone formation, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), VDR gene.

Evaluating VDR Gene Expression and Vitamin D3 Levels in Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Patients: A Comparative Study with Healthy Controls

1Huda B. Babat, 2Luma Hassan Alwan Alobaidy, 3Issam Salman Al‑Azzawi — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Kidney stones, also known as urolithiasis, is a urological condition with a high prevalence and recurrence rate, significantly impacting both individual health and the healthcare system. The progress in preventing their recurrence remains limited. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are the most common type of kidney stone, accounting for over 70% of all cases. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D (VD) are associated with kidney stones in a multidimensional complex relation involving numerous physiological and metabolic pathways. In this study aims to evaluate and compare VDR gene expression and VD3 serum levels in kidney stone patients with healthy controls and investigate the relationships that may interfere with kidney stone formation and recurrence. The central research hypothesis is that an alteration in VDR and VD values in patients with kidney stones affects calcium homeostasis, which plays a role in kidney stone formation. To accomplish this objective, the RT-qPCR method was employed to assess VDR gene expression and serum levels of vitamin D (VD) and calcium in patients with kidney stones. These measurements were then compared with those of healthy individuals. The key findings of the research revealed that VD deficiency was detected in 56% of patients and 7.5% in controls groups, significant differences in vitamin D levels, which were (20.66±7.07) and (33.90±10.40), and VDR gene expression, which were (37.61±32.19) and (10.39±5.07) between patients and healthy controls groups, respectively; suggesting a potential link with Kidney Stone formation, and a good target for treatment developing strategies aiming to maintain healthy calcium metabolism and reduce kidney stone formation risk.

Production of Invertase from Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) using Agricultural Residues

Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Invertase (β-fructofuranosidase) is a group of important enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of sucrose into fructose and glucose. It plays a major role in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the invertase enzyme was produced using local baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The study involves the production of invertase in submerged fermentations. The effect of carbon source (using glucose, lactose, maltose, fructose, and galactose), nitrogen source (yeast extract, peptone, urea, ammonium sulfate and meat extract), pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and inoculum size (2, 4, 6, 8, 10%v/v) were optimized for invertase production. The second objective of the present study was the production of invertase enzyme from Baker's yeast using Orange, Banana, and Potato peel wastes as a carbon source for invertase production.

Expression of Catsper Genecombination in Improves Sperm Parameters in Vitro of Normozoospermic Men with Anti Sperm Antibody Factor

1Hind A. Abdulghafoor , 2Ismail H. Aziz , 3Saad S. Al-Dujaily — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Such a defect, any such one that causes infertility of the CATSPER cation channel, a particular calcium channel of the sperm tail, results in hyper-activation of sperm motility. In an attempt to enhance some of the sperm characteristics that are relevant by ART clinics, this research aims to investigate the relationship between CATSPER Channele and anti-sperm antibodies in Normozoospermic men before and after in vitro activation. From September 2024 to February 2025, 75 semen samples of men were received at Kamal Al-Samarrai Hospital for Fertility and Infertility's Andrology Laboratory, Bagdad, Iraq. 50 normal viable controls and 25 normozoospermic men with Antisperm anti body (ASA) were considered after seminal fluid analysis. In vitro sperm activation by stacking technique and FertiCultTM Flushing media was used in all the semen samples. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was applied to quantify CATSPER gene expression in semen samples. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 was applied for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard error, frequency, and range were employed, and Students t-test was applied for data comparison between treatment and control groups. Mean ± SEM was applied to represent treatment and control group data. All analyses indicated a highly significant (p< 0.001) increase in active grade A sperm motility, expression of down-regulated genes after the layering method, and highly (p<0.001) progressive motility % and significantly enhanced MNS compared to the control group, whose level of gene expression did not exhibit non-significant difference upon activation (P>0.05). In vitro activation method of layering should be applied to sperm activation and preparation in ART programs, according to the current study, since it has the ability to improve sperm quality in male infertility.

Evaluation of IL-6 and IL-30 Serum level in Addition To Some Biochemical Markers in Iraqi Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

1Hind I. Khudhair, 2Zainab. H. Abood — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Chronic kidney disease CKD is defined as the presence of structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys for more than three months, with health implications. According to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines, CKD should be classified according to its cause and category of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria, which are factors that enable the identification of the risk of adverse outcomes, such as progressive CKD, end-stage renal disease, acute kidney injury, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. We aimed to evaluated (IL-6 and IL-30) in Iraqi patients with chronic renal failure and assess some biochemical parameters include (urea, creatinine, protein,albumin, calcium and vitamin D).This study included 88 cases and classified as 44 patients with chronic renal failure, these patients with age range (18 to 65) years who were admitted to the AL-Kindi Dialysis Center during the period from December 2024 to March 2025 Regarding biochemical parameters, it was observed that serum urea (S.urea), serum creatinine (S.creatinine) ,serum potassium (S. K) were increased in chronic renal cases and decrease in Serum calcium (S. Ca,),Serum sodium (S. Na ) and serum vitamin D (S. vit D) in comparison with healthy control group. **The results showed that male patients constituted 58.1% while the controls were 41.9% out of a total of 43 individuals assigned to the patients’ group. The mean age of the males was 51.16±13.6 and 51.44±11.0 for the patients and the controls, respectively. Moreover, out of a total of 53 females, there was 43.3% patients and 56.6% controls; their mean age was 49.13±12.7 and 42.47±14.0. An Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U Test was applied to compare the medians serum levels of IL-6 and IL-30 in patients and controls. also results show highly statistically significant difference (p=0.005) between patients and controls when IL-6 was considered while no difference obtained when IL-30 was taken into consideration.Highly significant elevated of pro-inflammatory cytokines which include IL-6 in chronic renal diseases indicated these cytokines participate in the pathophysiology of reduced renal function and the role of these cytokines as principle mediators of inflammatory reaction in renal damage and these cytokines could be potential therapeutic targets.

Molecular and Microscopic Diagnosis of Pathogenic Fungi from Patients with Respiratory Disease in Baghdad

1Teba Saad Akram, 2Teeba Hashim Mohammad — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study aimed to isolate and identify fungal species from patients exhibiting symptoms of asthma, bronchial allergy, and chronic respiratory diseases. Samples were collected from patients attending several hospitals in Baghdad-Baghdad Teaching Hospital (Medical City), Al-Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital, Al-Furat Teaching Hospital, and Al-Yarmouk Hospital-between February and May 2024. A total of 203 samples were obtained from patients diagnosed with respiratory conditions by specialized physicians. Twenty-two fungal isolates were identified, including 15 from blood samples and 7 from sputum samples. The patients included 16 males and 13 females, aged between 24 and 70 years, Fungal identification was initially conducted using light microscopy and biochemical tests based on standard taxonomic keys. Further confirmation was achieved through molecular diagnosis using PCR. Seven fungal isolates were selected for molecular analysis, revealing four isolates of Penicillium chrysogenum, one Aspergillus ochraceus, one Penicillium consobrinum, and one Alternaria alternata. PCR amplification targeting the 18S rRNA gene produced specific bands at 476 bp, 612 bp, and 720 bp, confirming the identification. DNA sequencing of the PCR products showed 100% similarity to reference strains in the NCBI BLAST database, confirming the accuracy of the fungal identification.

Association Between Polymorphisms of Alpha-Adducin Gene Polymorphisms (rs4961, rs4963) and Essential Hypertension in Baghdad Population

1Hassan Abdulreza Fayyad, 2Sanaa Jasim Kadhim — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Essential hypertension (EH), a leading risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, remains poorly understood genetically. This case-control study investigated associations between ADD1 gene polymorphisms (rs4961 G>T and rs4963 C>G), serum alpha-adducin levels, and EH risk in a Baghdad population (75 patients, 75 controls; June 2024–January 2025). Genotyping was performed via TaqMan assays, and serum alpha-adducin was quantified via ELISA. No significant difference in serum alpha-adducin levels was observed between patients and controls (36.03 ± 1.25 vs. 32.98 ± 1.05; p > 0.05). For rs4961 G>T, the TT and GT genotypes were significantly more frequent in patients (p < 0.05), while the GG genotype predominated in controls. For rs4963 C>G, the CG genotype was elevated in patients (p < 0.05), whereas the GG genotype was absent in both groups. Haplotype analysis revealed three combinations: GC, TC, and TG. The GC haplotype correlated with reduced EH risk (p < 0.05), while TC and TG were linked to increased susceptibility. Serum alpha-adducin levels showed no association with either SNP (p > 0.05). These findings suggest rs4961 G>T is significantly associated with EH risk in this population, whereas rs4963 C>G and alpha-adducin levels lack such association. Further studies are warranted to validate these results and explore ADD1 mechanistic role in hypertension pathogenesis.

Evaluation of Forkhead Box Protein E1 (FOXE1) Gene Expression and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Levels in a Sample of Hyperthyroidism Iraqi Patients

1Huda Ali Al-Habeeb , 2Rafid A. Abdulkareem — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Hyperthyroidism refers to a type of common endocrinology disease in which the level of thyroid hormone in the body is abnormally increased. Although several clinical studies have researched the genetic factors of hyperthyroidism the influence of thyroid hormones on gene expression are still unclear. Forkhead box (FOX) family proteins regulate transcription and DNA repair and are involved in cell growth, differentiation, embryogenesis, and lifespan. The transcription factor FOXE1 is a member of the FOX family. The relationship between the expression level of FOXE1 and Hyperthyroidism prognosis remains controversial. This study aimed to estimate the levels of FOXE1 gene expression in a sample of Iraqi patients with Hyperthyroidism. In a case-control study included 48 Iraqi patients suffered from hyperthyroidism, before and after a single dose of oral sodium iodide I¹³¹- capsule treatment and 50 seemingly healthy volunteers as a control group with age range from (15-75) years were enrolled in this study during their attendance at the Alamal Alwataniy Hospital in Baghdad from the period July 2022 to the middle of March 2023. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) automatically by Cobas e411 (Hitachi/Roche) device and RNA was extracted from whole blood samples, followed by cDNA synthesis. Subsequently, the levels of TSHR transcripts were measured by using Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The FOXE1 expression level, exhibited a substantial upregulation in the whole blood samples obtained from patients after treatment ±0.61) than before treatment ±0.52) compared to those obtained from healthy controls. The current study concluded that FOXE1 may be a potential independent prognostic factor for Hyperthyroidism patients.

Enhancing the Effectiveness of Paracetamol Tablets with Chitosan Nanoparticle

1Ola Al-Bhadly, 2Intidhar Mohammed Mnati — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Recently chitosan nanoparticles have received great interest for pharmacological toxicity and nanomedicine as a drug release system with improved bioavailability. This study aimed to prepare chitosan nanoparticles and explore the application of chitosan nanoparticles in pharmaceutical formulations, specifically in improving the formulation of paracetamol tablets for medical application. Chemical method was used for the preparation of the nanoparticles, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques used to evaluate the morphology, topography and chemical structure of the precipitated nanoparticles. The revealed Nano-sphere like structures with dimeters of 41 to 74 nm. Chitosan nanoparticles have good binding, disintegrating and biodegradable properties, therefore it was used to improve the prepared paracetamol tablets. In this study, the tablets were prepared using a conventional wet granulation process. The results showed a good flowability property and an excellent compressibility profile compered to PVP K30. The physical properties of the prepared tablets were evaluated and the results showed an improvement in hardness and friability tests in prepared tablets compared to commercial tablets. The in-vitro drug release profiles for prepared and commercial tablets were evaluated in three distinct dissolution media (pH 0.1 HCl, pH 4.5 acetate buffer and pH 5.8 phosphate buffer). The results demonstrated nearly complete release of the prepared drug, with 100% released at approximately 20, 18, and 16 minutes, respectively. Based on the results, we can conclude that the chemical method was successful in preparing chitosan nanoparticles. In addition to that, it may be concluded that it is possible to improve the commercial paracetamol tablets using chitosan nanoparticles as a binder instead to PVP K30. Paracetamol tablets that contains chitosan nanoparticles have been successfully proved in enhancing of physical and chemical properties.

Evalution of the Potential Antibiofilm Activity of Synthetic Peptide Idr-1018 Against Highly Virulent Clinical Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates and Molecular Screening for the Prevalence of Toxinand Antitoxin Type Ii Genes

1Tamara H. Zedan , 2Kais K. Ghaima — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Multi-drug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa considered a significant threat to human health according to the WHO. The antimicrobial synthetic peptides have taken a significant attention as options of antibiotic for dealing with resistant bacteria. A total of 200 samples were collected from different clinical sources including both sex with an age range between (5months - 58year) in the period between July to end of November 2024. Samples collected from five main hospitals. Out of 122 isolates, 60 isolates (49.18%) as P. aeruginosa depending on conventional and molecular methods and the highest frequent isolates were burn sources. All isolates were subjected to the sensitivity test against twelve antibiotics. The results revealed that most P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to Ticarcillin-Clavulanate (93.3%) while the lowest resistance was towards Ceftazidime (41.7%). The Biofilm formation test was characterized into three categories: 23.3% strong adherent, 35% moderately adherent, 30% weakly adherent and 11.7% non-producing biofilm. Range of IDR-1018 concentrations (7.8-1000μg/ml) were examined against eight selected MDR P. aeruginosa isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of IDR-1018 peptide. The affected concentration of P. aeruginosa varies from 62.5μg/ml up to 1000μg/ml as MIC. All isolates were subjected to molecular screening to determine the prevalence of virulence factors encoded for toxin-antitoxin system-type II, the results highlighted that higBA, relBE, parDE genes were present in 100% among of isolates. In conclusion, the antimicrobial peptides IDR-1018 are characterized as promising agent for use as antimicrobial products.

Correlation Between NLRP3 Inflammasome Levels and Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis

1Zena Zmat Ghilan, 2 Noorhan Khalid Shafeeq — Fri, 28 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a prevalent disease and is expected to become the main cause of death globally in the future The pathophysiology of MI is tightly linked to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This study involves 60 subjects who were enrolled in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Ibn Al-Bitar Center for Cardiac Surgery. Patients admitted to the ICU at Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Ibn Al-Bitar Cardiac Surgery Center were included in this study, conducted from November 26, 2023, to November 20, 2024. The control group also consisted of 60 subjects, In this study ,uric acid , urea , creatinine ,Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) Glutamic Oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) , Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) ,NLPR3, NT-pro BNP , MYL2 and LRG1 were measured .The results showed a significant increase (p≤ 0.05) in age, weight ,BMI, SBP, DBP , uric acid , urea , Creatinine ,GPT , GOT , GGT ,TSB,NLPR3, NT-pro BNP , MYL2 and LRG1 and a significant decrease in height, also ,the results showed a significant positive correlations between NLRP3, BNP ,MYL2 LRG1 levels and uric acid , urea , Creatinine, GPT , GOT , GGT ,TSB in the MI group . In conclude ROC curve analysis demonstrates that all studied parameters (NLRP3, BNP, MYL, and LEU) are highly effective in distinguishing MI group from the control group, with perfect AUC values, statistically significant results, and high sensitivity and specificity. These findings highlight their potential as reliable biomarkers for diagnosing Myocardial Infarction.

Study Expression of HDAC3 and HDAC6 in Women with Breast Cancer under Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy

1 Abdulkreem Sabhan Dkheel, 2 Semaa A Shaban — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Breast cancer exhibits considerable heterogeneity in its molecular and clinical features, and is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. It has multiple causes, including genetic and non-genetic factors. It also poses a major challenge in diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, especially in light of the complexity of the tumor's immune environment and the variability of responses to treatment. The current study aimed to investigate some molecular biomarkers. The gene expression of Histone Deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) was evaluated in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and immunotherapy, compared to a control group of healthy women. The study included 40 patients previously diagnosed with breast cancer by the medical staff at the Salah al-Din Oncology Center, during the period from July 2024 to August 2024, in addition to 20 healthy female participants (controls). Women with breast cancer were divided into two groups according to the type of treatment: the first group (chemotherapy group) included 20 samples. The second group (immunotherapy group) included 20 samples. The third group was the control group, with 20 samples. Gene expression was quantified using RT-qPCR. The results showed that HDAC3 gene expression was significantly decreased in the patient group compared to the control group (p=0.006), with the decrease being more pronounced in the chemotherapy group, reaching (p=0.003) compared to the control group. As for HDAC6, gene expression was significantly decreased in patients compared to the control group (p=0.047). Although lower values were recorded in the chemotherapy group, the differences between the groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Meanwhile, ROC analysis showed that HDAC3 had a higher diagnostic ability (p=0.009, AUC=0.701) compared to HDAC6, which had a moderate diagnostic ability (p=0.042, AUC=0.659). Correlation analysis results also revealed a strong positive relationship between HDAC3 and HDAC6 (r=0.679, p<0.001), while no statistically significant correlation was recorded between immune variables and age. These findings suggest that the molecular markers HDAC3 and HDAC6 may play an important role in regulating the tumor immune environment and determining treatment response, and may serve as promising markers for breast cancer diagnosis and monitoring. However, further studies are needed to determine their prognostic significance and therapeutic implications, particularly in the context of combination therapies.

Serum Free HIF-1A RNA Level Correlation with Carbonic Anhydrase CAIX Patterns in Different Grade and Treatment Status of Breast Cancer

1Hatem M Hadeed, 2Marrib N. Rasheed, 3Ahmed Abdul Jabbar Suleman — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Breast cancer is a complex disease that has many different molecular subtypes and the most Tumor cells use several adaptations, such as carbonic anhydrase (CAIX) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), to survive and proliferate in hypoxic environments. This study aims to investigate the role of Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) in breast cancer and correlation with HIF1A gene expression. Different assay used in this research included RT-qPCR (Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) for HIF1A expression and the ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay) technique for measuring CAIX activity. The study included 100 newly diagnosed cases of BC divided in to four groups. There were twenty-five patients with low grade of Bc before treatment (LBT) and twenty-five patients with low grade of Bc after treatment (LAT). The remaining twenty-five patients with high grade of Bc before treatment (HBT) and twenty-five patients with high grade of Bc after treatment (HAT). There were fifteen health individuals in the control group. After sample collection, the blood sample divided in to two aliquots. One for RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and serum sample for CAIX measurement. The results of this research with area under the curve (AUC), showed HIF-1α expression with (AUC= 0.77) in high grade before treatment and AUC=0.6) in high grade after treatment. Other types of samples display (AUC< 0.4) indicate low diagnostic accuracy. CA9 showed exhibited moderate diagnostic result with (AUC=0.6) in high grade after treatment, others showed AUC <0.5). Furthermore, increasing median BMI and age group showed moderate significance with HIF-1α and CA9 expression in all experimental groups. The correlation analysis between HIF-1α, CA9 and control group displayed no significance for all experimental groups (p>0.05).

The Effect of bft2 and bft3 Toxins which have Been Extracted and Refined from Clinical Isolates of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis on Mice

1Hussein Ali Khaleefah , 2Ashwak Basim jasim , 3Bushra Ibrahim Mustafa — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study involves isolating Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis from 94 stool samples collected from multiple hospitals in Baghdad city from March 2020 to April 2021. Stool samples were streaked onto BBE media under anaerobic conditions for 48 hours. Bacteroides fragilis was identified by analyzing its morphological characteristics on BBE media, which included the presence of gray convex tiny rounded colonies surrounded by a black zone. A molecular method was also employed, specifically targeting genes such as 16S rRNA, bft gene, bft-1, bft-2, and bft-3. A total of 34 isolates of B.fragilis tested positive for the 16S rRNA gene. Among these, 5 isolates of B.fragilis were positive for the bft gene, indicating their classification as Enterotoxigenic B.fragilis (ETBF). Furthermore, 3 isolates of ETBF were found to be positive for both bft-2 and bft-3 genes, whereas 2 isolates of ETBF were negative for all three genes (bft-1, bft-2, and bft-3). Two isolates of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), which tested positive for the bft-2 and bft-3 genes, were purified using the Van Tassel technique. A total of 40 male mice were divided into four groups, with 10 mice in each group. The first group served as the control, while the second group received daily administration of 2% dextran sulfate sodium for 30 days via a stomach tube, serving as the positive control. The third group of mice also received administration via a stomach tube. After being treated with 2%DSS for 10 days, the mice were then given 20 μg of bft2 toxin through a stomach tube for 30 days. In the fourth group, the mice were also supplied through a stomach tube. The mice were treated with a 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solution for 10 days. After this period, the animals were given 20 μg of bft3 toxin through a stomach tube for 30 days. After the trial, all groups of mice were euthanized by ethical guidelines. Based on the histological abnormalities observed, it can be concluded that the combination of DSS and bft2 toxin had the most significant impact on the liver, spleen, and intestine of mice in the third group.

Effect of human Mesoderm-Specific Transcript Gene Methylation on Oligospermia and Azoospermia Related with Men Infertility in a Sample of Iraqi Patients

1Azher Said , 2Bushra Jasim Mohammed — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Male Infertility is a significant problem for human reproduction in recent years. Several studies focused on the role of epigenetics, including DNA methylation, in spermatogenesis and male infertility. The mesoderm-specific transcription (MEST) gene is a paternally expressed imprinted gene repeatedly linked with male infertility. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MEST gene methylation on oligospermia and azoospermia related to male Infertility. Methods: Semen samples were collected from 80 infertile patients (40 patients suffered from oligospermia and 40 patients suffered from azoospermia) from Kamal Al-Samarrai Hospital, Baghdad, also (40) semen samples were collected from healthy fertile normospermia men as a control group, with ages ranging between 20 to 50 years. Microscopic examinations of seminal fluid were performed using routine methods, and methylated DNA was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using by high-resolution melting technique(HMR) and which measured the melting temperature (Tm) of PCR products after bisulfite. Results: The results identified an increased percentages of methylated gene in Azoospermia patients group (47.5) % and Oligospermia patients group (45.0%) compared to the controls (12.5 %), however, the control group showed the highest percentage (75.0 %) of non-methylated gene Conclusion: It was shown that the methylation status of the MEST gene is statistically significantly associated with the clinical presentation of the parameters whether normal or infertile, as well as MEST gene methylation may be considered an important predictor for addressing male factor infertility. Therefore, suggested that male infertility may be linked to methylation of the MEST imprinted gene.

Extraction and Purification of Anticancer Enzyme: Protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1Aseel Muthafer Obady, 2Hala Abdulkareem Rasheed — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study investigated the anticancer and wound-healing potential of protease enzymes derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa against cancer and normal cell lines. Out of 110 bacterial isolates obtained from clinical samples like urine, burns, and wounds, 67 were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa using biochemical tests and the VITEK-2 Compact system. Qualitative and quantitative screening revealed that 56 isolates produced protease. Notably, clinical isolate 9A from burn and wound samples demonstrated high protease activity, with specific activities of 280U/mg, indicating potential cytotoxic and wound healing properties. Optimal conditions for protease production were found to be at 37°C and pH 8 in Trypticase soy broth. The extracted enzymes underwent purification via gel filtration using Sephadex G-150 chromatography, resulting in significant purification folds for the protease. Cytotoxicity assays using MTT revealed that the protease showed increased cell viability, indicating possible growth-promoting effects. However, excessive protease activity led to cytotoxicity in normal cell lines, highlighting the need for controlled enzyme activity. Moreover, in vitro scratch tests demonstrated that protease showed a further pronounced decrease in wound area, revealing its potential role in processes of wound-healing.

Anti-biofilm activity of Coumarin compound and evaluate effect on the gene expression of icaA and cifA genes in Staphylococcus aureus

1Maream Mutaz Nusrat , 2Ahmed H. AL-Azawi — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The aim of this work is to examine the anti-biofilm capabilities of coumarin compound and apply them to specific virulence genes that contribute to the formation of biofilm in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The lab. of the UOB Institute of Genetic Eng. and Biotech.provided Twenty-five isolates of S. aureus. Ten isolates of S. aureus that were resistant to several drugs were chosen, and their capacity to produce biofilm was examined using the micro-titer plate method. The lab. of the UOB Institute of Genetic Eng. and Biotech. provided these isolates. By growing the isolates on Mannitol salt agar and applying the VITEK-2 technology, the diagnosis was verified. According to the findings, every isolate had a high capacity for biofilm production. Furthermore, a number of tests were carried out on the coumarin compound, such as determining the total phenolic content, assessing the antioxidant activity, evaluating the biofilm formation activity, and comparing isolates treated with a coumarin substance with isolates that were not in order to analyse the expression of the icaA and cifA genes. The findings demonstrated a progressive rise in the Coumarin compound's total phenolic content as concentration rose, with significant differences (P≤0.01), the highest values were 72.24 mg/g in 100 mg/ml. Furthermore, the findings showed that when compound concentrations rose, the scavenging activity (antioxidant activity) gradually increased. The activity of coumarin gradually increases from 29.58 at 0.312 mg/ml to 63.50 at 10 mg/ml. The activity of the natural antioxidant (vitamin C) increased sharply at lower concentrations (from 72.72 at 0.312 mg/ml to 90.43 at 2.5 mg/ml), but at higher concentrations, the rate of increase slowed and eventually reached a constant value of 92.22 at 10 mg/ml. Similarly, the artificial antioxidant (BHT) increased in activity as concentration increased, starting at 32.66 at 0.312 mg/mL and reaching 90.12 at 10 mg/ml. The study's findings demonstrated that the coumarin blocked 100% of S. aureus biofilm development at 8 mg/ml and decreased it at 2 mg/ml. The investigation revealed that all isolates possessed the virulence genes icaA and cifA, which are in charge of biofilm formation in S. aureus. Additionally, compared to the isolates that were left untreated, the gene expression data revealed lower levels of icaA and cifA following coumarin treatment.

Genetic and Hematological Insights into β- Thalassemia Major: A Molecular and Clinical Investigation in Southern Iraq

1,2Amar M. Mandal , 1Aseel S. Mahmood — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

β-thalassemia major is a severe hemoglobin disorder caused by Hemoglobin Subunit Beta gene mutations, leading to impaired β-globin synthesis, chronic anemia, and transfusion dependency. This study aims to investigate the molecular and clinical aspects of β-thalassemia major in southern Iraq, focusing on HBB gene mutations, hematological alterations, and disease complications. A total of 100 participants 50 β-thalassemia major patients and 50 healthy with (28 males, 22 females) for both categories were analyzed. Genomic DNA extraction and PCR-sanger sequencing were conducted to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), while hematological and biochemical markers, including serum ferritin levels, were analyzed to assess disease severity and iron accumulation. A total of three SNPs were identified, with rs7480526 (71A>C) and rs1609812 (334G>A) showing a strong association with β-thalassemia susceptibility, whereas the rare (94-95insG) rs35238478 suggested a potential role in disease variation. Patients exhibited severe anemia, abnormal hemoglobin composition, and significantly elevated ferritin levels, particularly in those who had undergone splenectomy, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced transfusion strategies and iron chelation therapy. Notable, consanguineous marriages and rural residence were recognized as key risk factors, highlighting the necessity of genetic counseling. These findings deepen our understanding of β-thalassemia major’s genetic and clinical landscape, underscoring the importance of early genetic screening, personalized disease management, and improved healthcare accessibility to mitigate disease burden.

Antibacterial Effects of Cranberry and Bearberry Herbals Extracts against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from UTIs in Baghdad City, Iraq

1Ahmed Hassan Najim , 2Wasan A. Gharbi — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common type of bacterial infection worldwide. UTIs are gender-specific diseases, with a higher incidence in women. This type of infection could occur in the upper part of the urogenital tract or in the lower part of the urinary tract. The most common etiological agent E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Conventional therapeutic treatment involves the use of antimicrobial agents, but due to the dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the natural alternatives for UTI treatment represents a current research topic. To compare the antibacterial effects of Cranberry, Bearberry and meropenem against isolated K. pneumoniae. Firstly, VITEK2 system was used for identification of bacterial isolates. Then antibacterial activity of Cranberry, Bearberry and meropenem against K. pneumoniae were assessed by Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth micro dilution method. All isolated K. pneumoniae were obsolete resistance against Ampicillin in 75(100%) and high resistance rate to Cefazolin 65(86%), Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole 45 (60%). But they showed a low level of resistance rate to Nitrofurantoin, Cefoxitin, Gentamicin 35 (46.6%), 25 (33.3%), and 15 (20%) respectively. While displayed high sensitivity to Ertapenem, Imipenem, Piperacillin/ Tazobactam, Amikacin, Tigecycline at 75(100%). The results of Meropenem MIC were 32mg/ml for the isolated (K1, K3, K4, K6, K7, K8, and K9) strains while the isolate K2, K5 and K10 showed (64mg/ml, 64mg/ml and 16mg/ml) respectively as listed in (table 2 and figure 1). By the other hand, the results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of cranberry extract inhibition for K. pneumoniae isolate, which were 16mg/ml for isolates (K1, K3, K4, K5, K6, and K7). While 32mg/ml for isolates (K2, K8, K9) and 64mg/ml in K10 (table 2 and figure2). In contrast, the inhibitory effects of bearberry revealed an excellent finding at 16mg/ml for (K1, K3, K4, K5, and K6) while the MICs concentration for K2, K8, K9 and K10 were (32mg/ml, 32mg/ml, 32mg/ml and 64mg/ml) respectively. It can be concluded that the Cranberry and Bearberry possess an obvious antibacterial activity against isolated K. pneumoniae in comparison to meropenem.

Revolutionizing Water Treatment with Microbial Desalination Cells: Current Trends and Future Directions

1Israa mudheher , 2safaa A.ali — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC) emerges as an innovative solution for power generation and wastewater treatment, operating without external energy input. MDCs utilize Electroactive bacteria (EAB), which oxidize organic matter and transfer electrons to an anode. These electrons subsequently traverse an external circuit to a cathode, where they react with protons and oxygen. The MDC setup incorporated three distinct chambers: anode, desalination, and cathode. Wastewater samples were placed in the anode and cathode compartments, while the desalination chamber contained saline water. The MDC operated for 30 days continuously. A digital multimeter was employed to regularly monitor and log the generated voltages. In the anode, the concentration of No₂ decreases from 28.15 mg/l to 1.56 mg/l, while in the cathode, the concentration of No₂ decreases from 29 mg/l to 2.92 mg/l. In the anode, the concentration of No₃ decreases from 37.95 mg/l to 2.09 mg/l, in the cathode, the concentration of No₃ decreases from 39.1 mg/l to 3.96 mg/l. the concentration of So₄ in anode decrease from 1314 mg/l to 110 mg/l in cathode decrease from 1710 mg/l to 122 mg/l. An MDC presents notable benefits, including the concurrent treatment of wastewater, production of renewable energy, and desalination of water. This comprehensive method makes them a sustainable and economically feasible option for tackling water scarcity and energy challenges. Nonetheless, issues such as scalability, efficiency, and membrane fouling need to be resolved before they can be widely implemented. Current research is dedicated to optimizing MDC designs and boosting their performance for effective use in real-world scenarios.

Determining the Role of miR-30α as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Gastric Disorders

1Bashir A. Ahmed, 2Nuha J. Kandala — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Gastric cancer (GC) arises from the interplay of various risk factors, including both environmental and genetic influences. Peripheral blood samples represent a straightforward method for collection and analysis, owing to their accessibility and ease of acquisition. MicroRNA is a short non-coding RNA comprising 18–24 nucleotides, which plays a significant role in regulating gene expression and influencing the progression of various cancer types. The study examined the relationship between miR-30a gene expression in 100 Iraqi participants, comprising sixty patients with various gastric diseases and forty healthy controls. The models were analyzed using qRT-PCR technology. The mean ± SD relative expression of miR-30a in patients was 1.661 ± 1.4113, significantly exceeding that of healthy controls (mean ± SD 1 ± 0) (p = 0.004). The expression levels of miR-30a were evaluated in healthy controls and patients diagnosed with different gastric conditions, including gastric ulcers, gastritis, gastric cancer, and duodenal ulcers. The mean ± SD of relative expression of miR-30a was significantly elevated in patients with duodenal ulcers (2.142 ± 2.256), gastritis (1.693 ± 1.415), gastric cancer (1.537 ± 1.05), and gastric ulcers (1.284 ± 2.257) compared to healthy controls (1 ± 0) (all p< 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). The findings suggest that the upregulation of miR-30a is associated with gastrointestinal disorders and may serve as a biomarker for differentiating healthy individuals from patients. MicroRNA serves as a biomarker for the early identification of diseases and facilitates straightforward treatment.

Association Between Quorum-Sensing Genes (LasI, LasR) and Biofilm Genes (pelA, LecA) in Multidrug- Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical Specimens

1Rasha. K. Hassan, 2Saba. J. Jawad. Al-Zubaidi — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Nosocomial infections were detected by P. aeruginosa bacterial isolates, which had the ability to biofilm formation. Which are associated with the quorum sensing system that confers on bacterial isolates the possibility to cause chronic infections elicited change in antibiotic resistance and expression of virulence factors the connecting with QSP (lipase, protease, and pyocianin) that P. aeruginosa protection against body immunity and phagocytosis. Clinical isolates from nosocomial infection were A total of 77 isolates of P. aeruginosa from nosocomial infections were collected by sampling in wound, sputum, burn, urine, ear swab, bronchial, nasal, and operation room (environmental of hospital), subsequently identification by morphology test and biochemical test. In addition, the result of identification was confirmed by compound system Vitek-2, identified, and examined to determine the distribution of biofilm genes (pelA and lecA) and the genes responsible for QSP (lasR/lasI) residing in the genomic DNA of these isolates. Results showed that 20 (26%) of these isolates are multidrug resistant; the genomic DNA of all 20 isolates carries copies of the (pelA, lecA, lasI, and lasR). Moreover, detection of these genes found to be associated with antibiotic resistance in these clinical isolates. The data suggest that genes of biofilm and QSP are characteristic genes in the genome of multiresistant nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates.

The Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Types on Callus Induction and Shoot Regeneration In Tulipa Gesneriana

1Tiba Hasan Abd alkareem, 2Sumaya F. Hamad — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

(genus Tulipa), genus of about 100 species in the Liliaceae family, which are cultured in temperate regions for their showy blooms., tulips are among the most popular of all garden flowers, numerous cultivars and varieties have been developed. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of growth regulators on the amount of callus produced using the technique of plant tissue culture. Callus was induced from the tulip plant using a combination of thidiazuron (TDZ) and benzyladenine (BA) and auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) naphthaleneaceticدد acid (NAA). The (seeds) were sterilised with 4% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) and sterile distilled water in a 1:1 ratio for 10 minutes. Different parts of the seedling leaf, flowering stem were cultured on MS medium together with a combination of hormones BA and 2,4-D, NAA and TDZ at different concentrations, and significant differences were observed after four weeks of cultivation. The best combinations of plant growth regulators for callus induction rate of 90% from the flowering stem were at a combination of 1.5 TDZ and 1.5 2,4-D mg/L, while the highest number of shoots was achieved with 12 shoots in the media BA 2.0 mg/ L and IBA 0.1 mg/L.

Correlation Between dyslipidemia, CA15-3 and Ki67 in diabetic Women with Breast Cancer

1 Israa J. Mnahi, 2 Bushra F. Hasan — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Aim: To investigate the effect of dyslipidemia and the level of hyperglycemia on expression of tumor markers in diabetic women.Method: A total of 100 women patients, 66 of them had breast cancer divided in to two groups 32 diabetic women with breast cancer (G1) and 34 breast cancer women (G2) and 34 women with diabetes (G3) women in Al-Amal Tumors Center in Baghdad (3 Aug to 3 Oct) were, the level of tumor markers (Ki67, CA15-3), Age, body mass index BMI, glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c, Cholesterol, triglyceride TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL in the two groups were determined .

Results: The level of Ki67 and CA15-3 were significantly higher in G1 and G2 compared to G3 while HbA1c were significantly higher in (G1) than (G2) at (p>0.0001) The current study also show a positive correlation between Ki67 and CA15-3 and lipid profile in G2 ,G3groups and no correlation between tumor markers and lipid profile in (G1). Conclusion: dyslipidemia had positive correlation with tumor markers Ki67 and CA15-3 in G1 and G2 that may contribute to high risk of breast cancer and had the main role effecting on the progression of tumor.

Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effect of Bacteriocin Produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

1Shahlaa M. Khairullah, 2Hutaf A.A. Alsalim — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Lactobacillus spp. was isolated from 253 children's stool samples to achieve the bacteriocin antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect. Lactobacillus spp. isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical tests, then screened primarily and secondarily for bacteriocin production using pathogenic bacterial isolates gained from diarrheal patients as indicators (Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., and Aeromonas hydrophilia). Molecular detection for the 16S rRNA gene responsible for this bacterium, sequencing, and BLASTN analysis were performed, the sequences were submitted to GenBank. The bacteriocin produced under the optimum conditions was extracted and purified using ammonium sulfate, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-150) methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MTT assay were determined to investigate bacteriocin antibacterial activity against the three pathogenic indicators and anticancer activity against colon cancer cells (Caco-2), respectively. One hundred and eleven Lactobacillus spp. isolates were obtained based on morphological and biochemical tests; of them, ninety-seven (87.4%) isolates exhibited antibacterial activity in primary screening; however, only eighteen of the ninety-seven isolates (18.6%) demonstrated bacteriocin production effectiveness in secondary screening. The molecular diagnosis of these18 isolates revealed that only 15 belonged to Lactobacillus spp. Their sequencing analysis showed that two isolates displayed 100% similarity with reference Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, four isolates showed 100% similarity with reference Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and 2 isolates exhibited 100% similarity with reference Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (SMHA16) isolate showed the most bacteriocin production activity (160AU/mL) and higher production at pH 6.0, 32°C, and 48 hrs. of incubation. The bacteriocin extracted from this isolate was purified, and the final purification fold was 21-fold with a 48.1% yield. Bacteriocin antibacterial activity (MIC) against Shigella spp. was 256 µg/mL, while against Salmonella typhi and Aeromonas hydrophila was 512 µg/mL. The cancer cells (Caco2) revealed less viability at 400 μg/mL of bacteriocin concentration (IC50 value of 135.9 μg/ml), while the effect was less on the normal cells (IC50 value of 157.9 μg/ml), which indicated the anticancer activity of bacteriocin against colon cells. This work indicates the promoting role of bacteriocin as antibacterial and anticancer agent.

Prevalence of Proteus mirabilis in Clinical Samples of UTI Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Molecular Screening and Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests in Association with Interleukin-8 Analysis .

1ZeinabJasem AL- Azzawi , 2Ashwak Basim AL-Hashimy — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the more common autoimmune diseases, affecting individuals of middle age groups of the population worldwide. The exact cause of RA is not known however, initiation of disease seems to cause by an interaction among genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and chance. Different immunological and microbiological studies results support that there could be a link between urinary tract infections (UTI) and RA, the occurrence is found in females more than males, which mainly caused by microorganisms especially Gram-negative P.mirabilis bacterium aetiopathogenesis of RA which activate inflammation and production of cytokines and chemokines as IL-8 an important biomarker of the inflammatory immune response to pathogens. A total of 116 urine samples were collected from urinary tract infection patients with RA from different hospitals in Baghdad (Baghdad Teaching Hospital/ Medical City and Al-Nuaman Teaching Hospital) at a period of study from beginning of September 2023 to the end of March 2024. The clinical urine samples which collected were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Six of the specimen were identified as P.mirabilis, but only five isolated was confirmed depend on the automated VITEK2 system used for farther identification. Molecular methods using PCR technique targeting 16SrRNA, the results indicated that only 5 isolates was diagnosed as Proteus mirabilis, further diagnosis using UreC gene was done, the results found that out of 6 samples only 2 were positive for identification UreC. The P. mirabilis samples were also characterized for antibiotic resistance and the results showed that Proteus mirabilis isolates1,2,3 and5 resists to 6 different antibiotics(Ampicilline/Sulbactum, Cefotaxime, Gentamicin, Tigecycline with a percentage reach(100%), but Rifampicin and Trimethoprim / Sulphamethazole with a prevalence rate of (80%) respectively. While all these isolates showed sensitivity to7-4 antibiotics Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Ceftolozane, Ciprofloxacin with a percentage of(100%),while Piperacillin/ Tazobactum, Meropenem and Imipenem showed moderately sensitivity with a rate ranging from (80-60%) respectively, with non significant differences (P≥0.05). Haematological and immunological tests for RA patients to detect anti-pathogens antibody like Rheumatoid factor (RF+), also ESR, CRP and Anti-CCP tests were done. The results show positive reaction and increasing the levels of all these tests against pathogens. The level of IL-8 was measured and the mean level was elevated non significantly (P≥0.05) in RA patients with UTI more than control (83.74pg/ml vs 74.09 pg/ml), also the level of IL-8 in RA patients’ sera with UTI who infected by P.mirabilis is increased significantly, it gave mean level (126.3 pg/ml) in their serum.

The Role of Antimicrobial Peptide Buforin2 in the Activity of AdeIJK Efflux Pump among Carbapenem-ResistantAcinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates

1Hamza N. Khalaf , 2Kais Kassim Ghaima — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Acinetobacterbaumannii is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial pathogen that can cause severe infections. The efflux pumps especially the adeIJK system they developed are particularly important with respect. In this paper, we explore the impact of the antibacterial peptide Buforin2 on the activity of adeIJK efflux pump in carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates of A. baumannii. In this study, a total of 150 different clinical specimens (burns, urine, blood and sputum) were collected from two hospitals in Baghdad. Identification of A. baumannii isolates was performed using CHROMagar Acinetobacter medium, biochemical tests, and VITEK 2 system. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by the disc diffusion method. The role of efflux pumps was assessed by measuringthe minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents (Meropenem, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Tigecycline) and Buforin2 in the presence and absence ofthe efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Quantitative RT-qPCR was usedto evaluate the expression levels of efflux pump genes (adeJ and adeK). Among 150 clinical specimens, 65 (43.3%) were identified as A. baumannii, with the highest prevalence in burn infections (47.7%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates, with 64.6% of isolates classified as MDR.Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone significantly reduced MICs of Meropenem (8–64 fold) and Amikacin (8–32 fold), while it had a minimal effect on Tigecycline (1–2 fold) and ciprofloxacin (4-8 fold). Buforin2 exhibited a (2–4-fold) decrease in MICs with CCCP, suggesting a limited role of efflux pumps in its activity. Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of adeJ and adeK in response to Meropenem (4.62 and 3.51 fold, respectively), whereas Buforin2 led to downregulation of adeJ (0.41 fold) and a minimal change in adeK (1.24 fold). The adeIJK efflux pump contributes to antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii, particularly against carbapenems and aminoglycosides. Buforin2 exhibited limited susceptibility to efflux pump inhibition, suggesting a different mechanism of action. These findings highlight the potential of antimicrobial peptides as alternative therapeutics against MDR A. baumannii infections.

Association of C-Terminall Cross –Linked Telopeptide of Type Collagen with C-Reactive Protein and Rheumatoid Factor in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

1Amani Khdhair Abbas , 2Prof. Bushra Faris Hasan — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease .The condition can damage a wide variety of body systems in some people, including the skin,lungs, eyes, heart and blood vessels. The study was conducted in Al Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and Al Kadhimiya Teaching Hospital, Iraq and evaluated the biomarker of C – Terminal Cross – Linked Telopeptides of Type II Collagen (CTX II) in 80 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 40 control men and women. Our study aimed of to investigate serum levels of CTX-II in patients with RA and possible relations with joint damage.Serum levels of CTX-II, CRP, and RF were significantly elevated in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to control , precisely: (CTX-II : 5628.93±530.27 vs. 3382.79 ±522.89; RF : 102.28±14.47 vs. 35.66 ±3.67 u/ml ; CRP : 10.98±2.38 vs. 4.82± 0.65 mg/L).Conclusion: serum CTX-II is a credible diagnostic biomarker that effectively distinguishes active RA patients from healthy control individuals.

Recycling of Lignocellulosic Plant Wastes in Cultivation and Production of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

In this research, some local available plant residues, which are including wheat straw, date palm fronds and date palm fibers were used for cultivating and production of oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The potential for using lignocelluloses wastes as essential substances for substrate preparation in the production of mushroom was used to study their effects on the yield, biological efficiency (BE) were determined. The results showed that the three substrates (wheat straw,date palm fronds, date palm fibers) gave yield of mushroom (143gm, 131gm, 106gm) and BE % gave (76%, 35%, 35%) respectively. The morphological characteristic was determined and influenced by various substrates. The diameter of pileus gave (6.7cm, 6.5cm, 9.75cm) respectively and stipe length gave (5cm, 7cm, 7cm) respectively. The number of effective fruit bodies were(22.5, 4 ,7.5) respectively. In conclusion Mushroom cultivation is one of the efficient ways by which residues can be recycled. P. ostreatus grown on different substrates are nutritious with high protein, fiber and low fat. It may also offer economic incentives for agribusiness to examine these residues as valuable resources and develop new enterprises to use them to produce nutritious mushroom products. Therefore, the mushroom cultivation may become one of the most profitable agribusiness that could produce food products from different substrates and help to dispose them in an environment friendly manner.

Prevalence and Expression of Cytolethal Distending Toxin Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Iraqi Patients

1Yasmine Ahmed , 2Ramina Khoshaba — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium that possessesvarious virulence factors. One such factor is Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT),a genotoxin encoded by cdt genes. These genes have multiple variants and are classified into five types. Each CDT toxin is composed of three subunits-CDT-A, CDT-B, and CDT-C. This genotoxin induces DNA damage and leads to cell death. This study aims to detect the presence of the cdt gene and its expression in E. coli isolates collected from different sources,including urine, colon cancer tissue, wounds, and stool samples from individuals of various ages and sexes. One hundred twenty samples were collected and diagnosed using traditional biochemical tests and the Polymerase chain reaction technique. Only sixty isolates were confirmed as E. coli. These isolateswere further analyzed using PCR to detect the presence of the cdt gene. The results showed that only three samples contained the cdt gene.While six samples exhibited their expression. This research indicates the low frequency and prevalence of the cdt gene in E. coli and the presence of variant types of this genotoxin.

Association Among HOMA-IR with Endothelin and Several Interleukins in Diabetic Mellitus Type 2 Patients

1Mays A. Hussein Aljnabi , 2Asmaa M. SalihAlmohaidi — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Diabetes is the most common form of DM characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency.Diabetes is inflammatory disease related with several cytokines such as endothelin, IL1B,IL18, and IL37.HOMA IR is characterized as the decrease in the effectiveness of insulin in glucose utilization or over-secreting of insulin to maintain the stability of blood glucose levels related with inflammation stress .Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to carbohydrates consumed in the diet. In states of insulin resistance, the same amount of insulin does not have the same effect on glucose transport and blood sugar levels. Aim of this studyies to evaluate the HOMAIR level withrelation expression of Endothelin and interleukins IL1B,IL18,and IL37. The pathogenesis of diabetes is significantly influenced by interleukins. This study including more than one type of groups according toHOMA and without HOMA so the patients divided into sub group ,and assessed the link between the gene expression of endothelin, IL1β, IL-18, and IL-37 in patients with type II diabetes. Samples were taken from type II diabetes patients and control at the Specialized Center for Endocrine Diseases and Diabetes in Baghdad between March and June 2023. For the groups under study, laboratory profiles were completed. Interluken-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 genes expression was measured by qRT-PCR.With a p-value ≤0.01, laboratory profile data revealed significant differences between patients and control in terms of HbA1c, FBS, insulin, and HOMA-IR, with out HOMA-IR. The studyresult emphasize relation aamong between HOMA IR and cytokines in which the upregulation of endothelin and IL18 in patients with increasing HOMAIR while there downregulation in IL1B with HOMAIR.that revealed an association among study factor .

Molecular Detection of Biofilm related Genes in Staphylococcus aureusIsolated from UTI Patients in Baghdad City

1Shaymaa Fouad Rasheed Al-Khazraji, 2Rasmiya Abd Aburesha — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The increase in the prevalence of resistance to antibiotics among pathogenic bacteria is a severe danger to public health predicated to cause almost five million fatalities. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most efficient pathogens that can form biofilm. The infection resulting from this bacterium's biofilm is considered a serious problem, as it is difficult to treat it with traditional antibiotics.The current study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of some biofilm-mediated genes of S. aureus collected from urinary tract infections, to detect their ability to construct biofilms, and to determine their resistance to antibiotics.The S. aureus isolates were obtained from patients with urinary tract infections in different local hospitals in Baghdad city. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern toward twenty antibiotics and quantitative assays for biofilm construction was performed for all bacterial isolates. Moreover, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was adopted to detect the prevalence of six targeted genes (fib, eno, sdrC, bap, clfA and clfB).The results of the antibiotic susceptibility pattern indicated that most isolates exhibited resistance to Benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, Erythromycin, Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Tetracycline. In contrast, all isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin, Tigecycline and Linezolid. The multidrug resistance characteristics appeared in all isolates under the study that were resistant to at least three or more distinct classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, the result revealed that most isolates produced strong and moderate biofilms, 42.42% and 48.48%, respectively; meanwhile, 6.06% and 3.03% of the isolates were formerly weak, non-biofilms. The presence of the fib gene was detected in 90.9% of the isolates, while the eno and sdrC genes were observed in all the isolates 100%. In contrast, the bap gene did not appear in any of the isolates 0%. In addition, the prevalence of clfA and clfB in isolates under investigation was 90.9% and 87%, respectively. In conclusion, the ability to develop biofilms is an efficient strategy that may contribute to preventing antimicrobial agents from overcoming S. aureus, as all isolates are multidrug-resistant and have a high percentage of strong biofilm producers. In addition, the high prevalence of some biofilm-associated genes highlights their crucial role in biofilm development in these pathogenic bacteria. It provides an insight into the relation between biofilm formation and multidrug resistance to different classes of antibiotics.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effects of GF-17 Peptide Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusIsolated from Different Clinical Samples

1Rahma Ahmed Aziz, 2Kais Kassim Ghaima — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Background: A major human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases is the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilm production increases its virulence and leads to antimicrobial resistance, especially in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Antimicrobial peptides, including GF-17, have shown promise in the fight against S. aureus that is resistant to many drugs. Methods: Using biochemical tests, selective media, VITEK2-compact system, and molecular confirmation, 190 clinical samples were gathered from hospitals in Baghdad and screened for Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Twelve antibiotics were used in the disk diffusion method to assess antibiotic susceptibility. A microdilution technique was used to determine GF-17's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). GF-17's anti-biofilm activity was assessed with an ELISA reader and crystal violet staining. Furthermore, RT-qPCR was used to assess the expression of biofilm-associated genes (icaA and rbf). The purpose of this study is to assess how well GF-17 inhibits Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates that were taken from clinical samples. Results: Of the isolates, 44 were identified as MRSA and exhibited high levels of resistance to Vancomycin (61.3%) and Methicillin (100%). Strong antibacterial action was demonstrated by GF-17, with MIC values ranging from 7.8 to 15.6 µg/ml. Our results showed a clear effect on their ability to form biofilms, as the isolates became weak in forming biofilms, after having been strong before treatment with the antimicrobial peptide GF-17. In treated isolates, biofilm formation was considerably decreased, and RT-qPCR analysis showed that icaA expression was markedly downregulated but rbf expression was unaffected. Conclusion: When it came to Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), GF-17 showed notable inhibitory and anti-biofilm efficacy. These results imply that it may be used as a therapeutic substitute to treat MRSA infections. Its clinical uses and mechanisms of action need to be investigated further.

Molecular Detection of lasB Gene in Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical Specimens

1Laith H. Ali , 2Kamil M. AL-Jobori , 3Wathiq A. Hatite Al-Daraghi — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Among its many virulence factors, the lasB gene, which encodes for elastase, plays a crucial role in tissue destruction, particularly in acute lung infections and burn wound infections. The study aimed to explore the prevalence of the lasB virulence gene in multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. 300 clinical specimens were collected from various hospitals in Babylon City, Iraq. These isolates were obtained from different clinical sources. Specific and differential media cultured all of these specimens. Phenotypic and biochemical tests identified 46 isolates as P. aeruginosa, which was confirmed by the VITEK-2 system. A molecular diagnosis is recognized by the conventional PCR technique to detect the specified gene amplification products of the lasB gene for P. aeruginosa. The results showed that P. aeruginosa was most prevalent in burn and urine samples, with 46% and 24% rates, respectively. Lower rates were found in wound and sputum samples of 15% and 11%, while the lowest were in ear samples of 4%. Antibiotic resistance was high among the isolates, with 37% being multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 43% extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Only 20% of the isolates were sensitive to antibiotics. The lasB gene was predominantly found in drug-resistant strains, with 52% of XDR isolates, 29% of MDR isolates, and 19% of sensitive isolates carrying the gene. The study found a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates, with a significant proportion being multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant. The presence of the lasB gene in nearly half of the isolates a link between the virulence factor and increased resistance mechanisms.

Assessment of the Cytotoxic Effects of Silymarin on the MCF7 Cell Line

1Esraa M. Aswad, 2Rash k. Mohammed — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Silymarin was isolated Using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The cytotoxicity of silymarin on breast cancer cells was examined using the MTT assay, followed by qRT-PCR to measure p53 expression. Silymarin exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, significantly impeding the proliferation of breast cells at elevated concentrations (P≤ 0.01), with an IC50 value established at 12.1 ppm. Furthermore, it was shown that cells exposed to the IC50 of silymarin displayed a markedly elevated gene expression (P≤ 0.05) of p53, with a fold change of 4.5 relative to untreated cells. Silymarin derived from milk thistle exhibits antiproliferative properties on breast-cancer cells and enhances the expression of the p53 gene, suggesting its potential as a treatment for breast-cancer patients. The present investigation aims to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of milk thistle-derived silymarin on the MCF7 cell line and its impact on breast cancer cells' expression of the p53 gene.

Evaluation of Gene Expression of AQP-1 Gene in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia of Iraqi Patients

1Ababil R. Yhya , 2Mouruj A. Alaubydi — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Chronic myeloid leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by myeloproliferative disorder in the hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. It is characterized by the overproduction of myeloid cells which are a type of white blood cell. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of the aquaporin-1 (AQP1) gene in Iraqi patients diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia. The study was conducted on 40 subjects, aged 8 to 63 years. Blood samples were collected from July/2024 to October/2024 in Baghdad, divided into 20 patients with CML (12 females, 8 males) and 20 healthy controls (12 females, 8 males) attending the Baghdad Private Lab. AQP1 genes were assessed using qRT-PCR. AQP-1 gene expression revealed that the outcome of the fold value in patients was 28.2 compared to the control 24.1, and the relative expression (2-∆∆ Ct) for the same gene was decreased (downregulation), which was 0.80. These results suggest that reduced expression of the AQP1 gene in chronic myeloid leukemia patients could have implications for fluid regulation, kidney function, and disease management. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying decreased AQP1 expression in leukemia and its clinical significance

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Role in the Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in haematological patients

1Mohammed Khudhair Alwan, 2Kais Kassim Ghaima, 3Bassam Francis Matti — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Haematological diseases are disorders in the structure and content of the blood. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria increase rates of morbidity and mortality; therefore, our study focuses on detection of resistant bacteria and role of peptide LL-37 in their treatment. One hundred different clinical specimens were cultured and isolated, and the identification was done by using the Vitek2 system. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of peptide LL-37 were calculated by using the microdilution technique. the results showed that, females were more than males, and the most haematological diseases were Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) at 20%, followed by Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) at 18%. Most specimens were sputum and blood, followed by wound swabs, and then others. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed all investigated bacteria to Benzylpenicillin, Ampicillin, and Ticarcillin were resistance 100%, In contrast, all isolates investigated to Linezolid, Tigecycline, Ertapenem, and Minocycline were sensitive 100%. Most the investigated isolates for Colistin antibiotic were intermediate (89.47%) and variable susceptible for the other antibiotics. All investigated MDR isolates were sensitive to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 at concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 125 µg/ml. in conclusion it is necessary to develop this antimicrobial peptide for particularly in haematological disease patients.

Gene Expression of the MTHFR Gene in a Sample of Diabetic Retinopathy Iraqi Patients

1Mohammed Adil Jebur, 2Wiaam Ahmed Al-Amili , 3Zeena Adnan Abd — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Diabetic retinopathy (DR)is a condition in which the walls of the small blood vessels of the retina are damaged by diabetic mellitus (DM), which can lead to blindness. Factors including genetic makeup and nutrient regulation in the body may be the causes of this disease. Methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR) plays a key role in cellular processes like regulating homocysteine levels and Oxidative Stress. The present study designed to investigate the association between MTHFR gene expression and DR. This study involved One hundred fifty Iraqi subjects in total, including fifty DR patients, fifty DM patients as positive control, and fifty apparently healthy individuals as negative control. Blood samples were collected from all subjects for RNA extraction according to the Trizol-based method using reverse transcription and RT-PCR assay analysis. The results showed that MTHFR gene expression according to ∆Ct was generally elevated in DR patients with a fold change of 2.45 compared with the apparently control group. The MTHFR gene expression according to ∆∆Ct confirming these results which showed distinct increase in MTHFR gene expression in DR patients in compared with healthy control (2.16), indicating that this gene is a possible cause of severe vascular diseases such as retinal vascular narrowing, an important component of diabetic retinopathy.

Estimation the Antibacterial Activity of Triterpenoids and Polysaccharides Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum Mushroom

1 Hasan Jamal Kareem, 2Alaa Mohsin Al-Araji — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Ganoderma lucidum has gained recognition as a significant medicinal mushroom due to its abundance of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that possess a wide range of chemical structures. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids were considered the first bioactive ingredients which were used to control several diseases. In this study, the fruiting bodies powders were used to extract triterpenoids (GLTs) and polysaccharides (GLPs) from this mushroom. HPLC was utilized to detect GLTs and GLPs by using Ganoderic Acid (A) and β-Glucan respectively as standards. To estimate the antibacterial efficacy of these extracts, four bacteria were utilized which demonstrated resistance to antibiotics. From 1000 gm fruiting bodies that were used to extract each of GLTs and GLPs, 16.1 g GLTs and 15.7 g GLPs were extracted. The results of HPLC analysis exhibited that the concentration of β-Glucan in GLPs was 416.25 µg and 985 µg per gram of Ganoderic acid in GLTs. The antibacterial activity of these extracts showed that GLTs and GLPs have high effects against two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria and the concentration of 100 mg/ml of GLTs exhibited the most substantial inhibitory zones against bacteria, measuring 16.33 mm, 19.33 mm, 13 mm, and 15.33 mm for E. faecalis, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa respectively. On the other hand, 100 mg/ml of GLPs significantly inhibited all examined bacteria, yielding the maximum inhibition zones of 15 mm for E. faecalis, 19.66 mm for S. aureus, 13.33 mm for E. coli, and 14.33 mm for P. aeruginosa. These results suggest that both GLPs and GLTs possess promising antibacterial properties against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and demand further research to clarify their mechanisms of action and investigate their potential as novel therapeutic agents.

Impact of Flavonoids and Nano Flavonoids Extraction from Bacopa monnieri on fimA Gene Expression in Serratia marcescens

1,2Maysam Ihsan Ali Al-Hassany , 1Bushra Mohammed Jabir Alwash — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Serratia marcescens is multidrug‐resistant human pathogen bacteria. The pathogenicity of S. marcescens mainly depends on biofilms and quorum sensing gene are major virulence factors to resist antibiotics. Hence, targeting genes in S. marcescens will pave the way to combat its pathogenicity. This study aimed to assess the effect of Flavonoids and Nano Flavonoids on expression of fimA gene in S. marcescens . Flavonoid extraction from the Bacopa monnieri L. belong to family Plantaginaceae and identification by using High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC), then casein was used to synthesis flavonoid-casein nanoparticles by using the ultrasound probe method. The chemical and physical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier Transfor Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Transmission Electron (TEM) techniques. S. marcescens were selected for this study due to their resistance to multiple antibiotics. The bacteria were first identified using the VITEK 2 system. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the fimA gene. RT-PCR was carried out to determine the effect of flavonoids and nano-flavonoids on the fimA gene. Flavonoids and nano-flavonoids exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the expression fimA gene (the fold of gene expression: 0.00936 and 0.00052) respectively. The fimA gene, which encodes a major component of type I fimbriae involved in bacterial adhesion and virulence, was downregulated following treatment with both flavonoid and nano-flavonoid. The nano-flavonoids demonstrated a more potent effect due to enhanced cellular uptake and bioavailability. This results suggest the potential of flavonoids, especially in nano-form, as anti-virulence agents targeting fimA gene expression in S. marcescens.

Impact of Metformin on FBXW7 Protein and Total Fatty Acids in Diabetes Individuals

1Haneen S. Mahdy , 2Ekhlass M. Taha — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Patients with type 2 diabetes who are receiving metformin treatment should be closely monitored, particularly for progression, changes in metabolic parameters, and prediabetes. Our study aimed to evaluate FBXW7 protein levels and total fatty acids in type 2 diabetes patients receiving and not receiving metformin. One hundred volunteers participated in this study, divided into three groups: group 1: 30 untreated patients; group 2: 42 patients receiving metformin; and group 3: 28 controls. The protein FBXW7 and Total fatty acids were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lipid profiles and fasting serum glucose levels were also determined using fully automated methods for all participants. A fully automated method was also used to calculate glycated hemoglobin. After examining the effect of metformin on FBXW7 protein and total fatty acids in diabetic patients, the current study . Serum TFA levels also decreased after metformin treatment. The results demonstrate that metformin has a specific regulatory effect on FBXW7 and total fatty acids, which promotes diabetes management and fatty acid oxidation in diabetic patients. The effect of metformin on the expression of metabolic markers and FBXW7 protein in diabetic patients was significant. In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of metformin and its effects in the diagnosis and progression of diabetes.

The Effect of Citrus reticulata and Rheum rhabarbarum on Gene Expression of fimB and fimE Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates Taken from Iraqi Prostate Patients

1Wafaa Beed-Allah Hameedi, 2Mohammed Lefta Atala — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Citrus reticulata essential oil Rheum rhabarbarum (rhubarb) extract as herbal alternatives to conventional antibiotics in combating multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) suffering from urinary tract infections (UTIs). A total of 120 urine samples were collected from male patients (aged 45–87), from which 29 E. coli strains were identified. Among them, six isolates (E1, E3, E9, E14, E16, and E18) showed strong antibiotic resistance and high biofilm-forming ability.C. reticulata oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity, fully inhibiting all six MDR E. coli isolates at 10,000 and 20,000 ppm, while rhubarb extract showed no inhibition.Biofilm production by the most virulent isolates significantly decreased when treated with C. reticulata oil (P ≤ 0.01).Gene expression analysis revealed that citrus oil downregulated fimE (a gene that suppresses fimbriae expression) and upregulated fimB (a gene that activates fimbriae), suggesting a dual role in modulating bacterial adhesion mechanisms.Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the main active compound in citrus oil was D-Limonene (76.17%), which is known for its antimicrobial properties. C. reticulata essential oil demonstrates significant potential as a natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent against MDR E. coli, offering a promising approach for treating UTIs in patients with BPH, especially in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance.

The Impact of Tecoma stans ethanolic Extract on Gens Expression of MexA and MexB of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

1Yahya M. Flieh , 2M.I. Salih — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

An important therapeutic challenge in clinical settings is Pseudomonas aeruginosa a common opportunistic bacterium linked to drug resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains MexA and MexB as part of its MexAB-OprM efflux pump. This pump aids in the bacteria natural resistance to a variety of antibiotics. This efflux pump contributes to bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Finding out if the ethanolic 70% extract of Tecoma stans altered the expression of the genes encoding these efflux pump proteins was the aim of this study. Regarding clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa employing RT-qPCR and MIC to assess the gene expression of the ethanolic extract of the dried leaves of Tecoma stans. The results showed that the treated groups levels of MexA and MexB gene expression were significantly lower than those of the untreated control group. This suggests that by blocking the efflux pump Tecoma stans extract can increase the effectiveness of drugs against the resistant strain. Tecoma stan components may naturally block the mechanisms causing bacterial multidrug resistance according to the study.

Source Tracking of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Different Sources According to Flic Gene

Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria that is a leading cause of food contamination and nosocomial disease. For this research, 50 isolates were selected out of 73 total collected samples. Definitive identification of P. aeruginosa was based on characteristic morphological features of colonies, phenotypic and microscopic examinations on selective and differential media, in addition to standard biochemical tests. Based on these analyses, 25 clinical isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa, obtained from burns, urine, ear swabs, sputum, and wound infections. The remaining 25 isolates were collected from non-clinical sources, specifically white cheese and water samples.Genotypic confirmation was conducted using conventional PCR targeting the 16S rDNA gene with specific primers (pa-ss), resulting in 100% (50/50) positivity. Further molecular detection focused on the flagellin gene (fliC), a major virulence factor associated with motility and pathogenicity in P. aeruginosa. PCR results showed that 39 out of 50 isolates (76%) were positive for the fliC gene using specific primers.

The Potential Regulatory Role of miRNA 185-5p in the Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase 1 GPX1 in Men with Primary Osteoporosis

1Saleen Salam Abdulhadi , 2Rana Kadhim Mohammed — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Primary osteoporosis in men remains a poorly understood but clinically important condition, marked by weakened bones and a higher likelihood of fractures. This study included 60 blood samples collected from 30 Iraqi men diagnosed with primary osteoporosis and 30 healthy control men. To assess the concentration of biological parameters (Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), calcium, and vitamin D), and investigate the molecular changes involving the GPX1 gene expression and miR-185-5p in men with osteoporosis and healthy control. Serum ALP, calcium, and vitamin D levels were measured, while qPCR analyzed GPX1 and miR-185-5p expression. The findings showed that men with osteoporosis had significantly lower BMD, T-scores, reduced calcium and vitamin D deficiency and higher ALP compared to healthy controls. The cycle threshold (Ct value) of GPX1 in the patients (mean ±SD 22.36± 0.26) compared with the Ct value of healthy control group (mean ± SD 22.2±0.45). Meanwhile, the Ct value of miRNA185-5p in primary osteoporosis patients was elevated (mean ± SD 29.36±0.65) while the control group (mean ± SD 29.00±0.7). These results suggest that oxidative stress and dysregulated miR-185-5p may play key roles in bone loss in men, beyond other risk factors. The study identifies potential new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, shedding light on the complex genetic, and biochemical interactions in male osteoporosis.

Genomic and Metabolic Adaptations of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria in Iraq’s Surface Waters

1Amal Shaker Lafta, 2 Alaa Kareem Mohammed, 3Hasan Kadhim Nimr — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Oil exploration and extraction operations have contributed significantly to hydrocarbon contamination in surface water in Iraq. Molecules which acquire an adaptive properties through the genomic and metabolic changes of indigenous bacteria able to live in hydrocarbon polluted areas of the world are investigated. Water samples were gathered from twelve distinct polluted locations. GC-MS was used to determine the amount of hydrocarbons in the water. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured to determine the level of pollution. Citrobacter freundii and Bacillus cereus were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA sequencing and VITEK 2. Bioinformatics analysis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were used to identify genetic mutations in hydrocarbon-degrading pathways. Metabolomic and proteomic analyses assessed functional adaptations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains are genetically related to industrial and coastal bacteria from China and India. Statistical analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation were performed to verify that the results were robust. This study provides valuable insights into microbial adaptation in hydrocarbon-impacted habitats, and assesses the suitability of such strains in bioremediation technologies

Molecular Detection of Fluoroquinolone resistance Genes in Enterococcus spp. Isolated From Dental Root Canals Infections

1Mohammed N. Al-Qayyim , 2Ashwak B. Al-Hashimy — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Enterococcus is among the most prevalent bacterial species identified in teeth exhibiting pulp necrosis that have not undergone prior endodontic treatment. Enterococcus bacteria exhibits considerable resistance to numerous root canal disinfectants, often posing a treatment challenge. This study aims to isolate and identify Enterococcus species using both phenotypic and molecular methods. The phenotypic patterns were determined through biochemical techniques, followed by diagnosis based on genotypes utilizing specialized primers for the 16S rRNA and D-Ala:D-Ala ligase genes via polymerase chain reaction. The evolution of resistance strains presents substantial challenges to infection treatment, necessitating the creation of novel antibiotics. To attain this objective, it is essential to investigate the primary genes implicated in antibiotic resistance. Fifty samples were obtained from individuals of different ages and sexes suffering from root canal infections between January 2025 and March 2025, and were subsequently grown in selective and differential media. Susceptibility tests indicated that 50% of the isolates exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin, 62.5% to levofloxacin, and 62.5% to nofloxacin. The results revealed 8 (16%) isolates of E. faecalis and no isolates of E. faecium. The 16s rRNA, ddl E. faecalis, GyrA, ParC, and ParE genes were detected with a frequency of 100%, while the GyrB gene was detected with a prevalence of 62.5%, and the ddl faecium gene was absent in all samples. The presence of resistance genes enables bacteria to evade antibiotic actions and persist in the root canal, resulting in the failure of endodontic treatment.

Evaluate the Potential Role of MPO, MCP-1, and Hcy levels in the Pathogenicity of Atherosclerosis

1Abbas Oudah Lazim, 2Sahar Saadi Karieb — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing cardiovascular illnesses, Responsible for rising death rates worldwide. This study aimed to investigates the diagnostic potential of Hcy, MCP-1, and MPO biomarkers. In this study, 90 participants were enrolled, aged 20 to 75, including 60 AS patients divided into two groups: 30 pre-catheterization (Pre-Cath) patients and 30 post-catheterizations (Post-Cath) patients, along with 30 healthy controls. Results revealed significantly elevated levels of Hcy, MCP-1, and MPO in AS patients compared to controls. Higher WHR was significantly correlated with increased levels of Hcy, reinforcing the association between central obesity and vascular inflammation. Notably, MCP-1 and MPO levels were higher in patients with a WHR > 0.9, especially in a group Pre-Cath patients, emphasizing its role in endothelial dysfunction in obese individuals. Correlation analysis demonstrated that there were many correlations between the parameters, such as association between Hcy and MPO, highlighting their role in vascular inflammation. Higher MCP-1 levels were observed in patients (≤50), particularly in the Post-Cath patients group. In contrast, MPO levels were markedly higher in patients (>50), particularly in Post-Cath cases, highlighting its relevance linking aging to sustained inflammation. These biomarkers play important roles in the diagnosis, onset, and progression of AS, so they can be used to help develop early diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression.

Estimation of Selected Parameters in Iraqi Mothers and Their Infants with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

1Sinan Niqola Sayah , 2Raghad Harbi Al-azzawi — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study aimed to estimate some parameters in pregnant mothers and their infants with COVID-19. This is a case-control study done at the Saint Raphael Hospital (Al-Rahibat) in Baghdad, Iraq. During the period from October 20, 2022, to March 1, 2022, 148 Iraqi pregnant women were included in this study. One hundred and twenty-two women have previously suffered from COVID-19 disease, with an age range of 18–37 years, and 26 healthy women. Diagnosis of patients based on clinical characteristics and PCR results. Ten milliliters of venous blood were collected from mothers and newborns by using a 10-ml disposable syringe. The blood sample was taken immediately. Distribute in a sodium citrate tube of 3 ml for the D. dimer test, EDTA tubes of 2.5 ml for a complete blood picture, and 5 ml of blood was transformed into a gel tube and left to clot for 15 minutes at room temperature (20–25 °C). This study included the following parameters: complete blood count (CBC), blood group (ABO), D-dimer, and levels of vitamin D. The results showed that the most prevalent blood group was O⁺ at 38.5%, followed by A+ at 29.5%. The levels of RBS in mothers were 90.12 and in infants were 52.75%. The vitamin-D level in mothers was 18.94, while D-dimer levels were 1499.87. The hemoglobin levels in mothers were 111.71, PCV 35.11%, WBCs 9.8, and RBCs 4.05.

In conclusion, infection with COVID had effects on all body parameters, like hematological and biomarkers.

Global Pancreas Cancer Indicators: As a Lowest Survival Rate

Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Background: According to global indicators, pancreatic cancer is one of the types whose recovery is very limited, but scientific development and cases of early detection of the disease have increased the survival rate depending on the affected area in the body. This paper examines one of the types of cancers with very low survival rates and analyzes its indicators by regions for males and females, supported by illustrations with reference to the top ten cancers in Iraq, including pancreatic cancer.

Material & Methods: Publications from (WHO, International Agency for Research & Cancer, Cancer Today 2024) on the incidence and mortality male and female of pancreas cancer in global Continents and UN regions were used, with a comparison made to finding their indicators, illustrated with charts. Results: The results of the analysis showed that this type of cancer still claims the lives of many people and that the global survival rate does not exceed (10%), despite the advancement of medical technology. Conclusion: Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers; however, health and social care can have an impact on increasing survival rates, medical development this type of cancer has not been able to reach a solution and a cure that increases survival rates, although the cases of incidence are limited compared to other types of cancers.

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cancer: A Real Global Indicators

Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma cancer is a type of cancer called head and neck cancer, and it can be in any part of the mouth, and when not treated early, it moves to other parts of the body. This paper seeks to find indicators and comparisons of the number of injuries and deaths by regions of the world. Material & Methods: The data of this disease for the year 2022 was used from the National Agency for Research on Cancers / Global Cancer Observatory, giving an accurate analysis of incidence, mortality, and prevalence. Survival rate and comparisons by regions and countries for both sexes have been done. Reference was also made to the indicators of the disease in Iraq and the analysis of their data.

Finding: The results of the analysis showed that the male cancer rates were much higher than the female rates; Asian countries have the highest numbers and survival rates; the best survival rates were in Africa and Oceania; and the survival rates were higher in developed countries and the lowest in developing countries. Conclusion: By analyzing the data, it was found that the cases in males are higher than in females, and the survival rates in developed countries were much higher than in developing countries. India, China, and the United States of America occupied the first places in injuries and deaths; the least was in Indonesia. The survival rate of women was higher than men, and the best was the United States of America, while the rest of the countries had very similar percentages.