Assessment of Water Bacterial Contamination and Physical Quality of General Estuary River in Iraq.

Abstract

Background: Water quality is an important indicator of environmental and public health. Bacterial contamination and changes in physical properties of river water can negatively affect water’s suitability for domestic and agricultural uses. Aim. To assess bacterial contamination and physical quality of the General Estuary River in Iraq during the period 2023–2024. Methods. Water samples were collected from three locations representing different cities along the General Estuary River during 2023–2024. Three 100 mL water samples were collected biweekly from each location. The samples were transported in a cool box to the laboratory for bacteriological and physical analyses. Total bacterial count, total coliform count, pH, and turbidity were determined. Results. The results showed that both total bacterial count and total coliform count increased progressively along the river course, with the highest values recorded in Basra city. Similarly, pH and turbidity values increased downstream after Baghdad, and the highest levels were observed in Basra. These findings indicate a deterioration in water quality as the river flows through successive urban areas. Conclusion. The General Estuary River exhibited increasing bacterial contamination and deterioration in physical water quality along its course, with Basra recording the highest levels. Continuous monitoring and effective pollution control measures are recommended to preserve water quality and reduce potential health risks.