Investigation of Genetically Modified Foods in Iraqi Markets

Abstract

Background. Plant genetic transformation is a pathway used to improve plant yield, quality, and tolerance to abiotic/biotic stress. Aim. of the current study was detection of genetically modified food products in maize products in Iraqi markets. Methods. Fifty food products of corn such as corn chips, starch, flakes, etc. were collected from local markets in Baghdad, Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture and agricultural companies. Three samples were taken for each item in the period from December 2023 to January 2024. DNA extraction was done using gene aid kit and CTAB DNA extraction method for positive control. Conventional PCR and Quantitative Real-time PCR for detection GM food products were used. Results. A 78%, 96% and 80% of the samples were found to carry the CaMV35s, Nos, Bt-11 genes according to conventional PCR suggesting widespread presence of GM maize in the Iraqi market. The Ct values of the transformed genes were higher than its corresponding of housekeeping gene suggesting a possible high representation of GMO maize in the Iraqi market. The MOM average of CaMV-35S and T-nos was 1.02 and 1.01 respectively. The copy number average of 36 food products of maize samples for Bt-11 was 25. Conclusion. The results presented in the present study demonstrate a clear risk of GMO maize availability in the Iraqi market.