In Vitro Synergistic Effect of CaO Nanoparticles and Naringenin to Inhibit Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Expression of lukE/D Genes

Abstract

The need to investigate therapeutic alternatives has increased due to the rise in bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics. One promising direction is the synergy between natural materials and nanoparticles, which can benefit various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Combination therapy is particularly relevant in the context of antimicrobial CaO nanoparticles with Naringenin on multidrug-resistant S. aureus. The current study studied the effect of treatments on the expression of luk/lukD in isolates collected from different samples. All isolates were identified as S. aureus according to morphological, cultural, biochemical, VITEK-2, and 16S rRNA. The study found that the isolates were resistant to Cefoxitin, Oxacillin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Tetramycin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Imipenem, and Meropenem. CaO nanoparticles were prepared from eggshells using the milling method followed by calcination at 900 (^oC) and characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis. A qPCR assay was performed to evaluate the transcription level of lukE /lukD genes in S. aureus. The results showed a synergistic effect of CaO nanoparticles with Naringenin on multiresistant cocci.