
The special issue of the 9th International Scientific Conference on Antibiotic Resistance - Mustansiriyah University, Volume (24) for the year 2025, has been published in the Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology, a peer-reviewed scientific Journal issued by the Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. The journal is headed by Professor Dr. Salwa Jaber Alawadi as Editor-in-Chief, with Professor Dr. Kais Kassim Ghaima serving as Managing Editor, alongside an editorial board comprising a distinguished group of specialized experts. This issue includes 14 research papers addressing antibiotic resistance from molecular, clinical, environmental, agricultural, and other perspectives.